高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-U10篇

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高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-D 1

d

1、damage, harm, hurt, injure, spoil

乍看这几个词,觉得意思都差不多。它们都有“损害,伤害,破坏”的意思。其实,它们之间还是有不同的。damage: “毁坏,损坏”,主要指造成价值,效用,完整性方面的损坏。例如:mr. smith, i wonder if we could arrange a talk about the damaged cargo sometime.史密斯先生,我们能不能安排个时间商谈破损货物的问题。the water they had thrown over everything to put out the fire damaged the books.为了灭火,他们把水往一切东西上泼,把书也损坏了。

harm: “损害,伤害”,词义具体,强调带来损失,病痛或痛苦。though he knows clearly that smoking harms his health, he simply cannot give it up.虽然他很清楚吸烟对身体有害,但他就是戒不了。

hurt: “疼痛,伤害”,尤其指感情或身体遭受创伤。nothing hurts more than a bad tooth, so he had to go to the dentist to have it pulled out.没有比牙齿坏了更疼痛的了,所以他不得不找牙医拔掉那颗坏牙。my little boy fell off a ladder and hurt himself.我的儿子从楼梯上摔了下来,把自己摔伤了。

injure: “伤害,损害”,一般常指不公正地对待或冤屈某人,即有意识地侵害别人的权利或毁坏别人的健康、成就等,也可以指外表、健康、安逸等遭受破坏。the gas polluted the surroundings and injured the health of workers and residents of the area.这种气体污染环境,损害工人和该地区居民的健康。

spoil: 有强烈的“毁坏,毁灭”之意。指不仅造成价值,精力,兴致的“损伤”,还意味着可能造成某种毁灭或彻底破坏,也有“宠坏”的意思。john joined the party and spoiled the pleasure of everyone by his impolite behavior.约翰参加了这个晚会,他的不礼貌行为破坏了大家的兴致。quarreling completely spoiled the dinner, which broke up in discord.争吵完全破坏了了宴会的气氛,结果宴会不欢而散。i do hate to spoil your fun, but i've got something urgent to tell you.我真不愿扫了你的兴,但我有紧急的事必须告诉你。

2、dare not , don't dare

dare是“敢”的意思,它既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。dare not中的dare是情态动词,后接动词原形。dare作为情态动词,其过去式为dared。 如:i dare not think of it.我不敢想这事。he dared not go near the woods in the daytime.白天,他不敢到灌木丛附近去。作为情态动词的dare除用于否定句外,还可用于疑问句和条件句,但不能用于肯定句。 如可以说 dare you say so before your parents?和jump now if you dare,但不可以说i dare touch it.

don't dare中的dare是实义动词,后面要接动词不定式。如:i did not dare to move.我不敢动。he had never dared to ask her to go anywhere with him.他从来不敢要求她跟他去任何地方。作为实义动词的dare与其它实义动词一样,可以用于肯定句,疑问句和条件句等。如:she dared to go there alone.她敢一个人去那里。do you dare to come here?你敢一个人来这儿吗?

dare与普通实义动词的不同之处在于:在否定句和疑问句中,dare后的不定式往往可以省去 to。如:he didn't dare (to) say that to my face. 他不敢当面对我说这些。do you dare (to) climb that high mountain? 你敢爬那座高山吗?

3、dangerous, in danger

dangerous是形容词,意为“危险的”, 指一切能或者可能引起危险的人或事物等,有对某人或某事物构成威胁的意味。例如:he is a dangerous person.他是一个危险的人物。it is dangerous to smoke.吸烟是危险的。

in danger是一个介词短语,意为“处于危险中”,在句中作表语,其后还可以跟of短语。在使用中,danger可由形容词great, real等修饰。其反义语是out of danger。如:the sick man's life had been in danger, but now he was out of danger.病人的生命曾处于危险之中,现在已脱离危险。he is in great danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy useless objects.如果他继续买这些无用的东西,他就有失去所有钱财的危险。

4、date, day这两个词都表示“日,天”的意思,但它们之间是有区别的。date通常指具体的日期,一般以单数形式出现。它包括某年、某月、某日。因此,在回答 what's the date? 或what's the date today?的问句时,应该把年、月、日全部说出。what's the date today? 今天几号?it's june 4,1992. 今天是1992年6月4日。

day主要用来泛指日子,a day是“一天”的意思。days是“一些日子”的意思。在问“星期几”时,应该用它。如:what day is today? 今天星期几?it's friday. 今天星期五。

5、deadly, deathly

deadly和deathly都可作形容词,表示“死一般地”,指死的表象。如:the deadly/deathly silence filled the meeting-room.会议室里一片沉默,没有一点声音。两者都可以充当形容词及副词,表示“非常,极度”,强调极端性。如:i have deadly/deathly fear of snakes.我非常害怕蛇。the man is deadly/deathly ill. 这人病得很重。

deadly另可表示:“致命的,势不两立的”,指导致死亡与毁灭的事物,表示死亡的可能性。 如deadly poison(致命的毒药),deadly illness(致命的疾病),deadly weapon(致命的武器)。 又如:fog is one of the sailor's deadliest enemies.雾是海员一个最大的敌人。the sad news was a deadly blow to the poor old lady.这条消息对这个可怜的老太太是致命一

6、deal in, deal with

deal in主要“做……买卖,经营(to buy and sell, trade in)”的意思,后接事物名词,表示经营,买卖的内容。如:this shop deals in textile good.这家商店经营纺织品。this import and export corporation deals in general merchandise, paper, building material, electrical appliances, light, etc.这家进出口公司经营日用百货,纸张,建筑材料,电器用品和灯具等。

deal with的主要意思有:1)“与……做生意(do business, esp. trade with...), 后接集体名词或人物名词,表示做生意的对方;2)“对付,处理”;3)关于,论及(be about, be concerned with)"等。如:i've dealt with this store for 20 years.我与这家商店做了20年的生意。children are tiring to deal with.带小孩最令人讨厌。deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道还治其人之身。this article deals with an important subject.这篇文章谈论到一个重要的问题。

7、demand, request, require

demand为“要求,查问”,语气较重,是强硬、断然的口气。它可接名词,不定式及用虚拟语气表示的宾语从句,当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:she demanded that we give him an immediate answer.她要求我立即给他回复。all of us demand of him whether he had heard from her recently.我们大家都问他最近是否收到她的来信。

require为“请求,恳求”,语气较和缓,指非常礼貌地正式请求。它可接名词及不定式的复合结构,也可以后接用宾语从句,但宾语从句中要用虚拟语气。当以被要求的人作宾语时,要加介词of。如:we'll do all that is required of us.我们会把要求做的全部都做完。

与demand和request的用法不同,require另可接动名词作宾语,其主动形式表示被动意义。它也可接不定式作宾语,但仍要用被动形式来表示被动意义。如:the car requires repairing/to be repaired.这辆车需要修理。

8、display, exhibit, expose这些词都指以展示的方式吸引注意,亦有“表现”之意。display:“展示,陈列”,指将物品最充分、有效地展示在人的视线或便于看清楚的位置。此外,此词还有体现、表现之意。if a child displays negative behavior by hitting someone, adults must try to persuade him to use reasoning to solve future conflicts.假如孩子有打人的不良习惯,成年人必须规劝他用讲道理的方式来解决今后发生的争执。she is so fascinated by the beautiful dress displayed in the shop window that she cannot help looking at it admirably whenever she passes there.她对橱窗里展示的那套漂亮衣服非常痴迷,每次经过,她都忍不住羡慕地看看它。

exhibit:“展出,表现出”,往往指出于某个特殊目的而公开地推出某些事物。although the supervisor said he needn't be responsible for the result, john still exhibited signs of stress.尽管督查员说约翰不必为此事负责,他还是显现出承受压力的迹象。

expose:“显示出,展出,显露”,指让某物从藏匿、隐蔽状态中显示出来;也有使某些不妥当或被隐匿之事显露于众,即“揭露,暴露”之意。it's too bad that children are exposed to films and reports about crime and violence.让孩子耳濡目染电影与新闻报道中的暴力与犯罪行为是很糟糕的。it was my duty to leave no stone unturned to discover and expose the awful truth.我的责任就是想方设法发现这可怕的真相并公之于众。

9、die from, die of

这两个动词词组都表示“因……而死”。die from和die of都可表示因疾病,饥饿,寒冷,年迈,疲劳过度等造成的死亡。如:die from/of illness/hunger/cold/old age/overwork/poison。再如:it is reported that as many as 1 out of 10 heavy cigarette smokers will eventually die from/of lung cancer.据报道,有十分之一烟瘾很重的人会死于肺癌。in a severe winter, wild animals can die from/of lack of food.在严冬,野生动物可能会因食物不足而死。

die from另可表示由外因而造成的死亡,象事故,损伤,环境条件,自然灾害等。如:die from a traffic accident/a wound/carelessness/an electric shock/an earthquake。再如:the young driver died from the wounds he received in the road accident.这个年轻的司机因交通事故致伤而死。the 3-year-old child died from her fall out of the high window.这个三岁的小孩从高楼的窗户摔下来而死。

die of另可表示因内在感情而造成的死亡,像失恋,失望,羞愧,大喜大悲等。如:die of love/disappointment/shame/joy/grief/a broken heart。再如:grandma zhou died of grief soon after her husband's death.周奶奶在她丈夫死后不久因悲伤过度也去世了。they drowned themselves in the sea and died of love.他们跳海殉情了。

10、deep, deeply

deep用作副词时,易和deeply混淆。这两个副词在修饰具体动作时,一般可以换用。如:we shall probe deep (or: deeply) into the matter.我们要深入地探索这件事。deep通常用来形容静止状态,多用来修饰作状语的介词短语,带有far into之意。如:they danced deep into the night.他们跳舞跳到深夜。he stood there thinking, his hands deep in his pockets.他站在那儿思索,两手深深地插在口袋里。

deeply常常用来修饰形容词或过去分词,作程度状语。如:we were all deeply disturbed when we heard the news.我们听到那消息都感到极为不安。i'm deeply grateful for the advice you gave me.我非常感激你给我的劝告。

11、different, various

different为“不同的,有差异的”,是普通用语,常指在性质上及在其他方面不同,它强调本质的差异,着重独特性与单独性。它常用于be different from结构,以表示对比的差异。如:people in different countries play the same game in different ways.同样的运动,不同国家的人用不同的方式进行。things today are greatly different from what they used to be.今天的情况与过去大不相同。

various为“不同的,各种各样的”,强调同一范畴内的品种或数量的不同,而不强调相互间本质的差别。如:i did that for various reasons.由于种种原因我才这样做的。you may solve the problem in various ways.你可用各种方式来解决这个问题。

different也可用来指品种数量的不同,而不强调本质上的差别,此时可与various换用。如:i came across different/various people .我碰见过各种各样的人。there's different/various kinds of flowers in his garden.他的花园里,花的品种繁多。

12、discover, invent

discover意为“发现,看出”,常指通过调查,实验等发现原已存在,但尚未被人了解,认识或挖掘到的事物,含有该事物阻挡人们视线的意思,也常指发现抽象的事物。如:a new coal-mine has been discovered in this district.这地区发现了一个新的煤矿。the police discovered an iron box hidden under the floor.警方发现地下藏着一个铁盒子。we discovered the lady to be quite careful in her work.我们觉得这个女士对她的工作非常仔细。

invent意为“发明”, 指通过思考,实验和研究等发明了新的有用的物品。此外,它还有“虚构,编造”的意思。bell invented the telephone.贝尔发明了电话。

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-S 2

讲内容是以字母n开始的短语辨析

1、near, nearly

near用作副词时,有nearly(几乎,差不多)的意思,等于almost, 这时候可以通用。不过,往往在表示这一层意思时,人们习惯用nearly,而很少用near,尤其是用来修饰数词时。例如:it is nearly ten o'clock. 差不多十点钟了。dinner is nearly ready. 晚饭就要好了。i was near (or: nearly) being killed; it was a very near thing. 我几乎丧命,真悬。there are nearly enough people here to do the job. 干这项活,这里人手差不多够了。

near在作形容词时,主要用来表示场所、时间,有“在附近”和“逼近”的意思。例如:don't go far away; stay somewhere near. 别走远,就在附近呆着。the spring festival is drawing near. 春节即将来临。

注意:副词nearly要尽可能靠近它所修饰的那个词或词组,否则,有可能会影响全句的意思。试比较:our production brigade nearly lost fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在发洪水时几乎损失了五十头牛。(事实上没有损失)our production brigade lost nearly fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在洪水中损失了差不多五十头牛。(事实上损失了将近五十头)

2、necessary, necessity

necessary作名词用时,尽管与necessity同义,均可表示“必需品”,“必要的东西”的意思,但用法有别。necessary尽管是可数名词,但通常用作复数形式necessaries; necessity可用作可数名词,既可用作单数,也可用作复数,但常见作复数。试比较:these are our necessaries of life. 这些是我们的生活必需品。the shop is selling daily necessaries. 那个商店正在出售日用品。air is a necessity. 空气是必需品。good maps are a necessity to travellers. 好的地图是旅行者必不可少的东西。food, water and clothes are the basic necessities of life. 食物,水和衣服是基本的必需品。

necessity主要用作不可数名词,表示抽象的概念,有“必要性,必然性”的意思,necessary作名词则没有这些含义。例如:there is no necessity for me to do this. 我没有做这件事的必要。he feels the necessity to have an outing. 他觉得有必要出外游玩一次。

3、near to, next to

near to的意思是 “接近,靠近”,指时间、空间及距离上的接近。next to的意思是“紧靠着”,指位置上的相互紧靠。例如:it's getting near to our spring festival. 春节快要到了。the chemical works is built too near to us. 这个化工厂造得离我们太近了。as we got near to the town it began to snow. 当我们快到镇上时,天开始下雪了。the girl came and sat next to me. 这个女孩走过来并坐在我边上。the two cinemas are next to each other. 这两个电影院靠得很近。i don't like wool next to my skin. 我不喜欢直接穿羊毛衫。

next to另可表示“几乎”及“仅次于”,它常用于next to nothing结构,表示“几乎没有”,相当于almost nothing。例如:i knew next to nothing about the matter. 对这件事我几乎一无所知。next to dancing, i like playing the guitar. 除了跳舞,我最喜欢弹吉它。new york is the largest city next to london. 纽约是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。

4、no more...than, not more...than

no more...than等于not...any more than,意为“同。一样不”,意味着两者都否定。no more后可接名词,形容词,副词或动词;than是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句。两个分句的重点往往在前一个分句,翻译时要把分句的次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。例如:a fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. 愚人之不能自知其蠢,如同其不能自见其耳。i am no more fond of playing the guitar than he is. 我和他都不喜欢弹吉他。

no more than连用,等于not any more than, 其后多接数词,表示“只不过是,仅仅”的意思,相当于only。例如:there are no more than ten tickets left. 仅剩下十张票。

not more... than等于less...than或not so...as,表示“不及,不如;不比。更”的意思,意味着两者都肯定,但着重点往往在从句,翻译时按原来顺序译出即可。例如:it goes without saying that this subject is not more important than that one. 毋庸质疑,这个问题不比那个问题更重要。

not more than连用,其后也一般接数词,表示“不超过……,至多(=at most)“的意思。例如:i read not more than twenty pages every day. 我每天最多读二十页书。the reservoir was built by a productive brigade of not more than 200 households. 这个水库是由一个不到二百户人家的生产大队建造的。

5、no one else, no other one

这两个词组都表示“没有别人或别的东西”的意思,两者可以换用。其中的one均为代名词,指代人或物;else和other均为形容词,不同的是前者作后置形容词,后者作前置形容词。例如:there is no one else (or: no other one) to compare with him in this respect. 在这方面无人能比得上他。no other one(or: no one else) knows about it. 再没有别的人知道这件事。

值得注意的是, else作形容词时,通常用来修饰疑问代词,复合不定代词(如:somebody, anything, anyone等)或者含有数量意义的代名词(如: much, little, all等)。else也可作副词,用来修饰疑问副词或者以where 结尾的复合疑问副词(如:anywhere, nowhere等)。例如:what else did she say?    她还说了什么?it must have been somewhere else. 肯定是在其他什么地方。you should put your honor above all else. 你应当把荣誉放在其他一切之上。not much else is known. 其他都不清楚。

other作形容词时,只用来修饰名词或者代名词one/ ones, 其位置只能位于所修饰的(代)名词之前。例如:i am studying maxism-leninism, mathematics and other subjects. 我正学习马克思列宁主义,数学和其他课程。

注意:else和other均可用来修饰带any, some, a few等的名词。例如:i don't want any books else.(= i don't want any other books.) 我再不需要其他书了。

6、no use, of no use

这两个词组都用在连系动词be的后面作表语,表示“没有用”的意义,两者在意义上没有什么差别,可以通用,只是它们的语法结构不一样。no use作表语是因为use前面有形容词no的缘故。如果没有形容词no, use则不能单独作表语。不能说this book is use.只能说:this book is of use或者:this book is useful.再例如:this book is (of) no use. 这本书没有用。complaining is (of) no use. 抱怨是没有用的。

of no use属于“of+抽象名词”结构,这种结构相当于相应的同根形容词。它有肯定形式和否定形式,否定形式一般也是在抽象名词前加形容词no(如of no use)。例如:this reference material is of no use to us. (= this reference material isn't useful to us.) 这种参考资料对我们是没有用的。this medicine is of no use to your cold. 这种药对你的感冒没有用。

注意:以下五句的意思相同,但用法都不一样,请注意它们的区别:

reading without remembering is no use.

reading without remembering is of no use.

it is no use reading without remembering.

it is of no use reading without remembering.

there is no use in / of reading without remembering.读而不记是没有用的。

7、none, no one

none主要用作代词。作代词时,可以指人,是“没有什么人”的意思;也可以指物,是“没有什么东西”的意思。none往往受of引起的介词短语的限制,of后可接复数可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词多用复数形式;of后接不可数名词时,其谓语动词只能是单数形式。none of之后的可数名词或代词必须指三个以上的人或者事物。例如:none of the passengers were aware of the danger. 这些旅客中没有人意识到危险性。none of us are interested in the story. 我们都对这个故事不感兴趣。none of the money was ever recorded. 一点钱都没有得到。

no one中的no是形容词,one是代词,常用于口语中,一般用来指人,其含义是“not even one(连一个人也不/没有)”因此它比none的意思要强。no one作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如:no one was killed in that battle. 在那次战斗中没有人牺牲。apart from him, i had no one to talk to. 除了他以外,我没有人可以交谈。

8、now that, only that 这是两个由“连词+that”组成的复合连词,其连词是中心词,that是一个虚词,常可省去。now that本是“副词+that“而构成的复合连词,但由于that可省略,于是now就被认为是连词了。now that引导的是原因状语从句,但它主要是说明一种新的情况,从句与主句的因果关系很小,含有“推论”的意味,因此有的语法学者把它称为“推论条件连词”。此短语一般译为“既然,由于”,相当于since。例如:now that jane had gone and left, or as good as left him, it would have been a comfort to see his son. 简既然走了,离开了,或者说几乎是遗弃了他,那么他就可以和儿子见面了,这是多么快慰的事。now that the weather has improved, we'll be able to enjoy the game. 由于现在天气已经好转,我们将能观赏这场比赛了。

only that主要引导条件状语从句,与except that的意义相同,表示“要不是,除。之外”的意思,从句通常位于主句之后;它有时还可引导目的状语从句,作“只是为了”解。例如:he would probably do well in the examination, only that he gets rather nervous. 要不是他有一点紧张,他可能考得很好。i have nothing against him, only that i dislike his manner. 我除了不喜欢他的态度外,并没有反对他。he often praises others only that he may be praised. 他常常只是为了求得别人的表扬而称赞别人。

9、no tailor, not a tailor

no tailor和not a tailor在句子中充当主语、宾语时,两者均表示“没有一个裁缝”,可以替换用。如下列两句都表示“没有一个裁缝想要接受这份工作”:no tailor wants to take this a tailor wants to take this job.

当no tailor和not a tailor在句子中用在be动词后,充当表语时,两者意义完全不同。前者表示“不懂裁缝,决不是裁缝”,指某人不具备当裁缝的条件,是外行,无资格做裁缝;后者“不是个裁缝”,指某人的职业或身份不是裁缝。试比较:don't ask me to shorten the trousers for you. i'm no tailor. 别叫我为你改短裤子,我不懂裁缝。you're mistaken! he is not a tailor. he has a job as a barber. 你弄错了!他不是个裁缝,他是个理发师。

no加上一个表示职业的名词的例子还有:she is no cook. she will probably get all the food from a restaurant. 她不会做饭,她可能会从餐馆里买来所有的饭菜。this is no joke. i am no judge. 这决不是开玩笑的事,我根本没有审理的资格。

10、noise, sound, voice

noise表示“噪音,喧闹声”,一般指嘈杂,吵闹等令人不快的声音。例如:the noise of the street kept me awake. 街上的吵闹声让我睡不着。the noise of the rain nearly drowned our conversation. 雨声大得几乎超过了我们的谈话声。

sound表示“声音”,含义很广泛,指任何可以听到的声音,包括悦耳及令人不快的声音。例如:all of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry. 突然,有了枪响声和哭声。did you hear the strange sound from the next room this morning? 今天早上你是否听到隔壁房间发出的怪声音?

voice表示“嗓音”,一般指人说话,唱歌或笑的声音。例如:the little girl has a beautiful voice. 这个小女孩有一副好嗓子。the singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 这位歌手由于重感冒而失去了银铃般的嗓音。

11、not to say, not to speak of

这两个短语形似而意义不同。not to say作“虽不能说,即使不能说”解,表示一种让步的口气。not to speak of作“更不用说,更不待言”解,相当于to say nothing of, 用来表示追补意义。例如:it is rather cool, not to say cold. 天气虽不能说冷,但也算是相当凉了。he sounded impolite, not to say rude. 他那样说话,即使不算粗鲁,也是不礼貌的。she knows german and french, not to speak of english. 她懂德文和法文,更不用说英文了。he cannot find money for bread, not to speak of fish and meat. 他连面包也无钱买,更不用说鱼和肉了。

下一讲,我们将学习以字母o开始的短语辨析。

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-R 3

本讲我们将学习以字母m开始的短语辨析。

1、make...from, make...of, make...into, make up

make...from为“用。原料制成”,介词的宾语是原材料,用from表示从制成品上看不出原来的制作材料。例如:they make wine from grapes. 他们用葡萄为原料制成葡萄酒。this cake is made from corn. 这个蛋糕是以玉米为原料制成的。

make...of为“用。材料制成”,介词的宾语是某种材料,用of表示从制成品上可以看出原来的材料。例如:nearly everything inside the room is made of bamboo. 屋子里的东西几乎都是用竹子制成的。this big box is made of wood. 这个大盒子是由木头制成的。

make...into为“把。做成”,动词的宾语是某种原料和材料,介词into的宾语是制成品。例如:they make milk into butter and cheese. 他们把牛奶制成白脱和奶酪。can you make this material into a skirt?你能把这布料制成一件衬衫吗?

比较make...into与make...from, make...of的区别:flour is made from wheat. 面粉是小麦制成的。wheat can be made into flour. 小麦可制成面粉。bottles are made of glass. 瓶子是用玻璃制成的。glass can be made into bottles. 玻璃可制成瓶子。

make up为“构成,组成”,主语为构成一个整体的各个个体,宾语是一个集合体。此结构用于被动语态时,需加介词of,构成be made up of短语。例如:ten doctors make up a visiting team. 十位医生组成了一支访问团。a car is made up of many different parts. 一辆汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。life is made up of both sweetness and sorrow. 生活中既有甘,又有苦。

2、main, chief, major这三个词都有“重要的”之意。

main:“主要的”,只用于物,强调事物的某一部分、分支的重要性,大小及潜力优于其他部分、分支,或表示该部分在整个事物中占有显赫的地位。this article has in the main preserved the fairness of news reporting.该文章大体上保留了新闻报道所用的不偏不倚的风格。his main reason for going to the library was to look up the book he spoke of yesterday.他到图书馆去的主要原因是去找他昨天谈到的那本书。

major:“重大的,主要的”,指在规模,数量,重要性方面超出同类的其他事物。john has also played a major part in the improvement of the paper.约翰在改进这份报纸的工作中也起了较大的作用。it was not until late afternoon that he began to tackle the major problem.直到傍晚,他才开始处理重大问题。

chief: ”主要的,首要的“,强调在顺序,等级,重要性,价值方面高于其他所有同类事物,用于人时指 ”地位最高“,用于物,意为 ”最重要的“。the chief engineer is the most important of a group of engineers in a job. he is highest in rank and probably in pay.总工程师是参加一项工作的一组工程师中首要的一个,他的级别是最高的,薪水也可能是最高的。the chief reason for the great changes in the cultural field is the development of economy.经济发展是文化领域内发生巨大变化的主要原因。

3、material, matter, substance这三个词组都可作“物质,材料”讲。

material:“物质,物资,材料”,一般指具物理成份,构成某具体物体的物质,尤指人造物品的制作材料;有时则引申为现实观念或现实的根据或基础。如:raw material原材料,指能够进一步加工的物质,也指可以被进一步利用的事件,观念等,例如用作文学素材。with the development of industry, the consumption of raw material by industry has been rising surprisingly.随着工业的发展,工业所消耗的原材料增长惊人。they discovered that they could weave the wool into the material, which can be made into warm coats and suits.他们发现可以把羊毛纺成衣料,再把衣料制成暖和的外套和西装。

matter:“物质,内容”,基本上指某种实体或构成所有客观事物的“物质”,与精神相对;也指与形式相对的“内容”。常用短语:a matter of course 理所当然的事, matter-of-fact 讲求实际的。the matter in your composition is quite good, but the writing is not lucid enough.你的作文内容很好,但文字不够清楚。we know nothing about force or energy, nor of any physical phenomenon, except through the agency of matter. 要是不通过物质这个媒介,我们对力或能会一无所知,更不会了解任何物理现象。

substance:“物质,东西”,常指具有某种物理或化学性质的特殊物质,或指构成某物,并赋予某种特性的物质;还可指 “重要的”或“实际性的”内容。常用短语:a question of substance 实质性问题;have substance 有道理,有根据,有内容。the function of the root of a plant is to fix the plant in its place and to take in water and food substance present in the earth.植物根的功能是将植物固定在所处的位置,并从土壤中吸收水及营养物质。a good chemical laboratory is equipped with precision instruments and supplies of many chemical substances. 一个好的化学实验室应配有精密仪器,并有充足的各种化学物质供应。

4、maybe, possibly, perhaps, probably这四个词都可表示“可能性”。

maybe:“可能,也许”,比其余的几个词更为随便和不正式,可能性不大,也可以表示一种非常委婉,礼貌的建议或要求。如:you could put it over there, maybe. 也许你可以把它搁在那边。he didn't feel quite right; maybe he got sunstroke. 他觉得不太好;也许是有点中暑。the doctor thinks maybe we'd better have a minor operation. 医生认为也许我们最好做个小手术。

possibly:“可能地,或者,也许“,可能性较大。用于否定句和疑问句时表示 ”无论如何“之意。she expressed regret for any inconvenience which might possibly be caused.� i couldn't possibly have finished typing such a long document in such a limited period of time. 无论如何,我也不可能在如此有限的时间内打完这么长的文件。

perhaps:“可能”,较为常用也较为正式的词,可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求,也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。i thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble. 当我们陷入困境时,也许你会善意地帮我们一把。

probably:“很可能,大概”,可能性在这一组词中最大,表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。he is the only witness of the accident; he can probably give us some detailed information about it. 他是这次事故唯一的目击者,他大概可以告诉我们一些详细情况。there is probably some kind of living matter on some other worlds, but we do not know yet. 很可能在其他的世界存在着另类的生物,只是我们尚不知道。

5、mean, intend, propose这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。mean:“打算,想象,有。意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心。短语: mean...for 准备让。做。everyone believed that it would be a very suitable match because john and julia were obviously meant for each other. 每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然天生一对。he shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. and he meant to pay the money back. 当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。

propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚解释这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。while summarizing the year's work, the managing director of the company proposed a greater project for the next year. 公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下半年度更大的工程计划。generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed. 一般说来,最终所达到的效果总的要比计划的好或差。

6、much, quite, so, very这四个词都表示“十分,非常”之意。

much:“非常,十分,颇”,程度副词,多修饰动词,副词,过去分词,偶尔修饰个别形容词。修饰动词时,通常以very much, too much, so much等形式出现。i feel so much better today that i would like so much to go out. 我今天觉得好多了,所以,非常想到外边去。the distance from here to the town is much the same by either of the two roads. 从这里到镇上有两条路,无论是走哪一条,路程都相同。

quite:“十分,相当,非常”,程度副词,相当于completely, perfectly, rather等意思,在不正式的场合可代替very,可以修饰动词,副词,分词,形容词及介词短语。he has quite recovered from his illness and is now able to return to his post. 他已完全恢复健康,可以重返工作岗位了。the first step will need quite a long time and cannot be accomplished overnight. 第一步所需的时间相当长,决不是一朝一夕就能完成的。

so:“非常,十分,极,很,如此地”,表示程度较高,常用于口语中,有时以very替换,但在so组成的结构中则不能用very。常用短语:so that 如此。以至于;so beautiful a child/ such a beautiful child 如此漂亮的孩子。so absorbed was he in his work that his wife would not dare to make a sound. 他全神贯注地工作,以致他妻子不敢作声。all this was so sudden and unexpected that nobody quite realized what had happened. 这一切来得那样突然,以至没有人晓得究竟发生了什么事情。

very:“很,十分,非常”,语气比quite强,可用于正式场合,通常修饰副词,形容词和纯粹用作形容词的过去分词,以及形容词的最高级以加强语气,不能直接修饰动词。they did their very best to increase quantity and variety of their products. 他们尽了最大的努力来增加产品数量和品种。whatever you may have heard about me from poets, i am really not a very romantic character. 不管你从诗人那里听到关于我的什么情况,我实际上不是十足的浪漫派。

7、mark, sign, signal, symbol这组词都有“标记,标志”之意。

mark:“标志,标记”,含义广泛,指事物留下的深刻印迹或某物上用于辨别该物品的附属物,比sign更侧重于区别性或揭示性的标志,有时不一定十分直观或明显。one mark of a writer's greatness is that different minds can get a different inspiration from his works. 一个伟大作家的标志之一是不同的人都能从他那里得到不同的灵感。the lighthouse on the top of the hill serves as a mark for fliers. 山顶上的灯塔成了飞行员(识别地形)的标志。

sign:“记号,标记”,用法最广,可指符号(装置),也可指情绪,性格的直观显示,还指具体的用于识别或指示的标志,如指标牌,卡片等。借喻时讲作“征兆,迹象”。如:sir, you are not to walk your pet on the lawn. don't you see the sign: “keep off the grass”?先生,你不可以在草坪上溜狗,你没瞧见牌子上写着“请勿践踏草坪”吗?in the british army, crown, stars and stripes are signs of military rank. 在英国军队里,王冠,星星和条形徽是军阶的标志。

signal:“信号”,常指约定俗成,用于传达某些信息的信号,也指灯光,声音或信号标志。a red light is a signal of danger, which is even known to a five-year-old child. 红灯是危险的信号,这一点就连五岁的孩子都知道。the sportsmen are all ready, waiting for the signal to start running. 运动员们都作好了准备,等待着起跑的信号。

symbol:“象征,符号”,指被人们选出的物体或图案,用来代表另一事物,并作为该事物的标记或象征。symbol is a sign, figure or physical object, the meaning of which is established by convention. 常用的表义符号是由按常规规定其意义的符号,图案或实物图像构成的。in the picture the tree is the symbol of life and the snake the symbol of evil. 在这幅画中,树是生命的象征,蛇是邪恶的象征。

8、made up of, made of, made from这三个词组都同be动词连用。

made up of 含有“由。(成分)组成”的意思,即表示某物或组织由一个个成分或成员组成,of后通常接可数名词。例如:the committee is made up of seven members. 委员会由七名委员组成。the third world is made up of the developing countries. 第三世界是由发展中国家组成。

made of和made from都有“由。(原材料)制成”的含义。但前者表示某一物品由某种原材料制成后,原料已看不出来。例如:concrete is made of cement, sand, stone and water. 混凝土是由水泥,砂子,石头和水混合而成。nylon is made from air, coal and water. 尼龙是由空气,煤和水加工制成。

9、make the best of, get the best of

make the best of是指“充分利用时间,机会,场合,资源”等意思,其后接此类名词或短语。例如:you should make the best of this valuable opportunity. 你应该尽量利用这个宝贵的机会。we must make the best we can of the few natural resources we have. 我们一定要尽可能地充分利用我们所拥有的少量自然资源。

get the best of 亦可解作get the better of,其中的动词get亦可用have替代。它主要指主体与宾语在进行争斗或交锋中,“胜过,占优势,占上风”的含义。个别场合下,它还有“从。中得到最大的好处”的含义。例如:they were pretty evenly matched, but martin got the best of him by a clever trick. 他们势均力敌,但马丁以智取胜。our team got the best of the visitors in the last quarter. 我队在最后四分之一比赛中战胜了客队。with his indomitable spirit he got the best of his disease. 他以坚强不屈的意志战胜了疾病。

10、man, mankind这对词都表示“人类”的意思,但用法有所区别。

man一般以单数形式出现(现在也有人以复数men表示“人类”),其前不能置任何限定词,其相应的代词应是he, him, his, himself。例如:the changes between the states have been used by man to work for him since ancient times. 自古以来,人类就利用这两种状态的变化为自己服务。engels pointed out a hundred years ago that labour created man himself. 恩格斯一百多年以前就指出,劳动创造了人类本身。

mankind前也不可加任何限定词,但可用形容词修饰。它是集合名词,可作单数或复数使用。作单数概念时,谓语要用单数,其相应的代词一般为it, its, itself(也有人用he ,him, his, himself);作复数概念时,谓语要用复数,其相应的代词是they, them, their, themselves。例如:mankind is much cleverer than it was one thousand years ago. 人类比一千年前是聪明多了。all progressive mankind love peace. 所有进步人类都热爱和平。that is one small step for a man, but one giant leap for mankind. 对于个人来说那是小小的一步,但对于整个人类来说却是一次巨大的飞越。

请注意:human being也可表示“人类”,它是可数名词,有单复数之分。其意义比较具体,它一般用来区别人以外的事物,特别是动物或者是“神”,“鬼”之类。例如:without its light and warmth there would be neither plants nor animals nor human beings. 没有光和热,就不可能有植物,动物,也不可能有人类。although the negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as humanbeing. 尽管黑人和白人一样都是属于人类,但是他们并没有被当作人对待。

11、manage, try

manage为“设法做到”,指花费精力设法使某事终于做成功,相当于succeed in doing sth.。try为“试图,努力,尝试”,指花费精力去做某事,含有成功可能性虽然大,但仍有可能不成功意思。比较下列句子:he managed to finish his work in time. 他设法及时完成了他的工作。he tried to finish his work in time. 他试图去及时完成他的工作。

manage后常接名词或不定式作宾语。如:without her i couldn't have managed all these things. 如果没有她,我不可能做成所有这些事。i don't see how i could possibly manage to do it. 我觉得我不太可能把这事做成。

try后常接名词不定式或动词不定式作宾语,它后接不定式时表示“努力做某事”,后接动名词时表示“试着做某事”。如:he tried to say something but he was too weak to say a word. 他努力地想说些什么,但是他太虚弱了,一个字也说不出。we shall try using another method. 我们应试着用另一种方法。

12、many more, much more这两者可指“更多”。

many more后接一个名词一定是个复数可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个复数名词,表示复数概念。如:some students are against the plan, but many more support it. 一些同学反对这项计划,但是有更多人支持它。we have many more left. 我们还剩下很多。

much more后接一个名词,这个名词一定是个不可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个不可数名词。如:the farmers have produced much more rice. 这些农夫收了更多的稻谷。she has much more to do. 她还有很多事要去做。

many more不可能修饰形容词和副词,而much more和far more, even more, still more 等一样,可以修饰形容词和副词,表示“更加”。如:this tv set is much more expensive. 这台电视机要贵得多。he worked much more carefully on the new design. 在这项新的设计上,他工作努力得多了。

13、many, the many, many a, a good many

many单独使用,用作形容词和代词,分别在句中作主语(谓语动词用复数),宾语,定语(后接复数可数名词),但不能用作表语。例如:many of us have joined the party. 我们中许多人已入了党。the policy of the cities growing their own vegetables has many advantages. 城市种菜,自给自足的政策有许多优点。i have a few, but not many. 我有一些,但不多。

the many起名词的作用,在句中作主语和宾语。作主语时,谓语动词要用复数,其意为“多数人或物”。例如:in the capitalist society the many are oppressed by the few. 在资本主义社会里,多数人受少数人压迫。sometimes the few can defeat the many. 有时侯少数能胜多数。

many a用作定语,虽然它作“许多,很多”解,但其后所修饰的名词和与之有关的动词必须用单数形式。例如:many a man comes or goes. 一个又一个的人来了又走了。i have received many a letter in the past few days. 最近几天我接到许多来信。

a good many亦可解作a great many,它们均为many 的强化语,它与many的用法相同,即可用作形容词和代词,所修饰的名词和谓语动词均分别用复数形式。例如:a good many new books were published by the foreign language press last month. 上个月外文出版社出版了许多新书。we have a great many things to do at present. 我们目前有许许多多事要做。

14、more than, more...than

more than连用,通常起副词的作用。若后接数词(=over),常译成“...以上,超过”;后接形容词,副词或动词,相当于very或much,常译为“难以”;后接名词,常译成“不止是,不仅仅”等。例如:he is more than twenty years old. 他20多岁了。she was dressed more than simply. 她穿得岂止朴素,简直近似于破烂。the beauty of the place is more than i can describe. 那个地方的美令我难以形容。

more...than中的more后也可接形容词,副词,动词或名词。修饰名词时,more作形容词解;修饰其他的词时,作副词解。than 是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句,整个结构一般译为“比。更;与其说。倒不如说“等。例如:more people like to drink boiled water than tea. 喜欢喝开水的人比喜欢喝茶的人多。it is more blue than green. 与其说是绿的,不如说是蓝的。it is more common for peter to talk too slowly than too quickly. 彼得说起话来往往不是太快,而是太慢。

15、meet, meet with

meet 和meet with都可表示“预见,会见”,两者通常可换用。yesterday afternoon i met (with) shirley at the cinema. 昨天我在电影院碰见雪莱。the chairman met (with) the king of holland for half an hour. 主席与荷兰国王的会见持续了半个小时。

meet还可作“迎接,应付,聚会,满足”等解释,它含有主动意义,即主语有意识地去完成某个动作,如: meet a friend (迎接朋友), meet the debts (偿还债务),meet the danger (对付危险)。例如:i went to the airport to meet my uncle. 我去机场接我的叔叔。the whole school meet to hear the report. 整个学校的人聚在一起听报告。every effort is made to meet the demands of the people. 所做的努力都是为了满足人民的需求。

meet with作“碰到,受到,遭受”解,它含有被动意义,强调主语承受meet的动作所带来的后果,如meet with bad weather (碰到坏天气),meet with difficulty(碰到困难),meet with the refusal (遭到拒绝)。例如:he met with a lot of problems in this experiment. 他做这项试验遇到许多问题。the play met with a good reception. 这部电视剧受到了好评。

16、much too, too much

much too 后接原级形容词与副词,意思是“实在太。”,其中的much是副词,用来修饰另一个副词too。如:it is much too cold here. 这儿实在太冷了。you sleep much too late. 你睡得实在太晚了。

too much后可接不可数名词,意思是“过多的。 ”,其中的too是副词,修饰形容词much。 too much后也可不接名词,意思是“过多的东西,过多的事情”,其中的much是代词。如:he has got too much money. 他已得到太多的钱。you are asking too much. 你问得太多了。

be too much表示“过分,太难,对付不了,过于厉害”。如:she is afraid that the long trip will be too much for me. 她担心我受不了长途旅行的劳累。i tried to beat him, but he was too much for me. 我试图打败他,但我对付不了他。

17、maybe, may be

maybe是副词,意为“可能,也许”,可用perhaps代替,不过美国人习惯上用perhaps, 不怎么爱用maybe。例如:maybe he has reached there. 大概他已经到了那儿。maybe you are right and maybe you are wrong. 你也许对,也许错。

may be中的may为情态动词,有过去式might的变化,表示类似maybe的意思,be为助动词或连系动词,有时后面可跟一个名词从句。例如:it may be raining in beijing. 现在北京可能在下雨。it may be that he never got there. 或许他根本就没有到过那里。

18、most, a most, the most, mostly

无限定词搭配的most可用作形容词和名词。前者通常修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词time,表示“大多数的,大部分的”的意思;后者常接of引起的介词短语或定语从句,表示“大多数人(东西,时间)”的意思。此外,most还可作副词,用来修饰副词,形容词或动词,表示“最,十分,非常,很”的意思。例如:most students like english. 大多数学生喜欢英语。i was in shanghai most of the time. 我大部分时间在上海。the present world situation is most favourable for the people. 当前世界形势对人民非常有利。

a most中的most等同于very(很,非常),修饰形容词,再跟单数名词。例如:the statue is made of marble of a most lovely colour. 这雕像是用一种颜色很好看的大理石雕成的。guilin is a most beautiful city. 桂林是座非常美丽的城市。

the most主要有三种用法:1.其中的most为形容词many或much的最高级,表示“最多的;最高程度的”的意思;2.为两个音节以上的形容词或副词最高级的构成形式,表示“最”的意思,most前的定冠词有时可以省去;3.有时用作名词。例如:he takes the most interest in the model cars. 他对模型汽车最感兴趣。he is one of the most famous writers in china. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。this is the most i can do. 这是我力所能及的。

mostly是一个副词,只用作状语。一般放在所修饰的词或短语之前,主要表示“主要地;多半;大部分地”的意思。例如:she is mostly out on sundays. 星期天她多半不在家。she uses her car mostly for going to the shops. 她用车多半是去商店买东西。

19、must have done, should have done

must have done表示“想必已经,一定是”,指对过去的事物或者状态一种逻辑推断或确有把握的推测。由于must not是“禁止”的意思,不表示推测,因此must have done仅限用于肯定式,它的否定式是can not have done 或 could not have done。在疑问句中同样也是如此,不用must提问。如:you must have misunderstood me because i didn't say anything like that. 你一定是误会我了,因为我没有说过那样的话。“the lecturer was a tall thin man.” “then it can't have been dr zhu because he is short and fat. it must have been dr zhang.” “那个作报告的人又高又瘦。” “那么,他不可能是朱博士,因为他又矮又胖。他一定是张博士。”

should have done表示根据事物的一般规律所做出的一般性的推断或推测,它的语气没有must have done强,把握也没有它大。如:they should have finished the work by now. 他们现在应该完成工作了。she should have arrived in cairo by this time. 她现在应该到达开罗了。should have done还可以表示过去应该做或值得做的事情而没有做,常带有后悔,埋怨,不满,责备或惊奇等情绪。它的否定形式表示过去做了不该做的事情。must have done则没有这样的意思。如:you should have gone to see your grandpa last week. 你上星期应该去看望爷爷的。this wall shouldn't have been painted yellow. 这堵墙不应该漆成黄色。

20、mr. smith's, the mr. smith, the smiths

mr. smith's表示“史密斯先生的家”,即mr. smith's house。名词所有格后表示某人的家以及商店,教堂等名词,在习惯上可以省去。如:shall we meet at mr. smith's tomorrow? 要不我们明天在史密斯先生家中见面好吗?don't worry! you can leave the children at mrs. jone's. 别担心!你可以将孩子们留在琼斯太太家。

the mr. smith表示“那一位史密斯先生”,称呼前加定冠词用于需要区分具有同一姓氏的人的场合。如:“we have two mr. smiths. which one do you want?” “i want the mr. smith who works in the bank.”“我们这儿有两个史密斯先生。你想找哪一位?” “我想找在银行工作的那一位史密斯先生。”

the smiths表示“史密斯一家人”,复数姓氏加定冠词表示其夫妇俩,或夫妇俩加其子女。如:the smiths are all early risers. 史密斯一家都起得很早。the smiths could not pay for the advanced education that their son needed. 史密斯夫妇不能支付其子所需的高等教育的费用。

本讲到此结束了。下一讲我们将学习以字母n开始的短语辨析。

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-P 4

本将是以字母l开始的短语辨析。

1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone这组词都有“孤独的,寂寞的”之意。

lone:“孤独的,寂寞的,无依无靠的”,该词(在诗歌中)可替代lonely或lonesome。she could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。in that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中,只能看见孤零零的一颗星。

lonely:“孤单的,寂寞的“,但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。a lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。he spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前,他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。

lonesome : ”无伴的,独居的“,通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉,含义较为痛切。the house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前� you must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because i'm not at home.你一定要打起精神,妈妈,不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。

2、location, position, situation, spot这一组词都有“位置,地点”之意。

location:“位置,场所,场地”,指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置,也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作“定位,测位选址”,如:industrial location工业选址。the location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息,失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。the location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看,这个地段非常糟糕,所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。【您正浏览的文章由(第一范 文网)整理,版权归原作者、原出处所有。】

position:“方位,地点,位置”,通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置,适用于具体及抽象的事物,想象中或实际存在的东西;因此还可解作“社会地位,职务,见解,立场,姿态”等。can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗?before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前,他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。

situation:“地点,位置,场合”,它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境,还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和,因此可以解作“境况、形势、局势、处境”等。常用短语:cope/ do with?the situation应付当前情况:save the situation挽回局势。despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩,他却能设法对付新情况。the situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。

spot:“地点,现场”,指范围清楚的特定地点,也可指事件或行为的发生地,具有较强的“有限空间意义”,如:a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组:on the spot 当场。she was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方,她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。the police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟,警察即赶到现场。

3、later, latter

later是late的比较级形式,意为“后来的(地)”,通常用在表示时间单位的词组后,表示“……以后”的意思,此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如:two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后,我们证明了这些事实是正确的。he reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天,迟早later on 今后,以后

latter是一原级形容词,主要有三种意义:1).表示“后面的,后半的,末了的”之意;2).与定冠词the连用,表示“后者”,与the former相对;3).“最近的,现今的”。例如:the latter half of the month 后半月,下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。he has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里,他一直呆在家里。

4、lay, lie这两个动词在变形时,往往引起混淆。

lay主要用作及物动词,基本意思为“放”,还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid,现在分词是laying。例如:please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。the road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。these hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。we should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。[page]

lie是一个不及物动词,它有两种意义和用法:1).意为“平躺;平放;位于”时,过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为:“撒谎”时,过去式和过去分词是lied。例如:don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。he lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。korea lies to the east of china.朝鲜位于中国东面。you are lying.你在撒谎。he lied to me.他对我撒谎。

5、leave out, leave off这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成,在句中均作谓语,它们的意义有区别。

leave out主要有下列几种意义:1).省去,略去;2).遗漏;3).没有考虑到。例如:we must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。please complete this check properly. the date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整,日期被漏掉了。we left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。

leave off则主要表示下列两种意义:1).停止,中断;2).不再穿,不再使用。例如:leave off talking!别讲话了!they leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班。it is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热,可以脱下你的绒线衣了。

6、living, alive, live, lively这四个形容词均是live派生出的,但它们的意义和用法均不一样。

living有三种意义和用法:1).表示“活着的,尤指现存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表语或定语;作定语时,可前置也可后置。2).表示某人,某物与另一个人或一物“一模一样,逼真的”之意。3).相当于形容词lively,表示“强烈的、活泼的”之意。例如:a living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。no man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。shelly was still living when keats died. 济慈死时,雪莱还活着。he's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。we have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。

alive多用作表语,多用于人,表示“活着的”的意思,还可引申为其他意义;间或也作定语,只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如:is she still alive?她还活着吗?they are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。an enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。the lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。

live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物,作定语,基本意义是“活的”,这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如:this is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼(一只活老鼠)。don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。a live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。it was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播,不是录音广播。

lively读作/laivli/,在句中可作表语或定语,主要表示下列三种意义:1).有生气的,活泼的,快活的;2).(颜色)鲜明的;3).生动的,真实的。例如:she is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。the patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。he has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。what lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。he gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。

7、learn, study

learn为“学习,学会”,侧重学习的成果,指从不知到知,从不会到会的学习,强调通过学习去获得知识和技能,它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习,从某处学习及学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from leifeng。

study为“学习,研究”,强调学习的过程,指深入系统地学习,带有努力,勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学,艺术和需要深入探讨,研究的问题及学科,不是单纯地获得技巧。如:study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换:if you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话,你会把这门语言学好。he learned traditional chinese medicine from a famous chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。she studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。he is studying the problem of x-rays.他正在研究x射线的问题。

在指某学科的“学习”时,或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如:how long have you learned/ studied japanese?你学习日语有多久了?we must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话,就必须不断学习。

8、long for, for long

long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词,表示“渴望,极想得到”的意思。其后可接名词,代词作宾语。例如:the children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。we long for a chance to visit yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。[page]

for long中的for是介词,long是名词,一起作介词短语用,在句中充当状语,通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为“很久,长久”。例如:he will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。will you be away for long?你要离开很久吗?

9、lecture, speech

lecture作“演讲,讲课”解,指有准备的专题演讲,尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用,当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时,指“训斥某人”。如:they received lecture on technique. (指听演讲)he gave a lecture on the war in english. (指作演讲)father gave me a lecture for smoking. (指训斥)

speech作“说话,演讲”解,系普通用语,除指有声的语言外,又泛指为听众而作的讲,可以是有准备的正式讲话,也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如:i was quite unprepared to make a speech.by your speech i can tell you're from london.he gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.

10、live on, live by

live on有三种意义和用法:1).后接人、钱、工资,表示“依靠这些人或钱物养活”的意思;2).后接各种食物的名称,表示“以……为主食”的意思; 3).作不及物动词用,表示“继续生存下去,永存”之意。例如:jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。my uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。most of the asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。the scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。

live by有两种意义和用法:1. 后接名词或动名词,表示“以某种方式或手段过活”之意;2. 后接地点名词,表示“住在……附近”之意。例如:they live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。we live by the east lake.我们住在东湖旁边。

下一讲,我们讲看到的是以字母m开头的短语辨析。敬请关注。

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-U 5

1、under control, under the control of, in control (of)

under control意指“在控制下,被控制住”,是一表示被动意义的介词短语,通常用作连系动词be的表语。如果表示“在某人的控制下”,亦可用under one's control来表示。under control现在常常引申为“情况正常,状况良好”的意义。例如:the fire which threatened part of the business district this morning is now firmly under control.今早危及部分商业区的这场大火,现在已被控制住了。i noticed that his legs are not well under control.我发现他的两条腿不听使唤。my oldest son is no longer under my control.我的大儿子已不服我的管教了。you can go right back to sleep now, everything's under control.你可以回去睡觉了,一切均已恢复正常。

under the control of亦可解作in the control of,其后通常须接人或部门等名词,表示“受……控制,受……管辖”的被动意义,它一般用作表语或补语。例如:the university is under the direct control of ministry of education.这所大学直属教育部门管理。he was in the control of evil men who forced him to do wicked things.他受了坏人的控制,他们强迫他干坏事。 根据具体语境的不同,

in control既可表示“控制,管理(别人)”的主动含义,亦可表示“受控制”的被动含义。如果表明被控制的对象,其后须接of短语。例如:mr. zhang will be in control when i am out.我外出时由张先生负责。but the next moment he had himself in control.但是他马上就控制了自己。they were in control of the southern side of the mountain.他们控制着南山坡。

2、under one's arm, in one's arms

这两个介词短语中的arm是指“胳臂”,而不是“武器”的意义。注意不得任意改变两个短语中arm和arms的单复数形式。

under one's arm意为“在某人腋下的”。例如:the man who is carrying a parcel under his arm is my elder brother.(腋下)挟着一只包裹的那个人是我哥哥。he keeps the dictionary under his arm. 他把词典挟在腋下。

in one's arms意指“(小孩或东西)被搂在怀里”。例如:the woman who is coming here has a child in her arms.往这儿来的那位妇女抱着一个孩子。he has the big dictionaries in his arms on his way to the room.在去寝室的途中他怀里抱着几本大词典。

3、under repair, in repair

这两个介词短语一般都作表语,补语或后置定语。

under repair属于表示进行意义的介词短语,有被动的含义,等于being repaired(在修理中)。例如:the department store is now under repair (= is now being repaired) and it will be reopened on may day.百货公司正在修缮,将于五一节重新开业。the machine is under repair.那台机器正在修理。

in repair表示某物处在一种“维修良好”的状态之中,常用in good repair,其反义语为in bad repair或out of repair(失修)。例如:they always keep the road in repair.他们总是把公路保养得很好。the pagoda that was built four hundred years ago, is still in (good) repair.那座四百年前建造的塔现在还完好无损。

4、under the sun, in the sun

under the sun亦可解作beneath the sun。它是个习语,决不可译作“在太阳下”。它有两个意思和用法:1.表示地点,意为“在世界上,任何地方”;2.用于加强语气,常放在疑问词之后,意为“到底,究竟”,等于on the earth。例如:the president's assassination shocked everyone under the sun.总统遇刺,全世界都为之震惊。in his opinion, california has the best climate under the sun.依他看来,世界上要数加利福尼亚的气候最好。what under the sun did he do it for?他做那件事到底是为了什么?

in the sun是“在太阳光下”的意思,指某人或某物处在太阳光的照耀下或之中,因此,它可引申为“晒太阳”,还可转义为“显要的,有利的”的意思,因为太阳光耀眼夺目并有益于人类。例如:his character is as fickle as the icicle in the sun.他的性格就象阳光下的水柱一样说变就变。don't read in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。the cat likes to sit in the sun.猫爱晒太阳。the new generation of writers has achieved a place in the sun.新一代的作家已经功成名就。

5、up and down, ups and downs

up and down是副词词组(如果其后接有名词,则为介词词组),只有作状语,意为“上上下下地,前前后后地,来回地,到处”。它还可引申为“彻底地,完全地,坦率地”的意义。例如:the float bobbed up and down on the river. 筏子在江面载浮载沉。he thrust his hands into his pockets and walked up and down the office with measured steps.他把双手插在口袋里,迈着方步在办公室里踱来踱去。where have you been? i have looked for you up and down for nearly half an hour.你刚才到哪里去了?我到处找你差不多有半个钟头了。here is his hometown which he knows up and down.这儿是他十分熟悉的家乡。

ups and downs是名词词组,可用作主语和宾语,其前可加限定词my, your, the, this等。它的本意是指“高低,起伏”的意思,但它常用作喻意,表示“盛衰,成败,苦乐,好坏”等意思。例如:life is full of ups and downs.人生充满苦和乐。the family suffers those ups and downs to which the great houses of scotland have been ever liable.这个家庭遭遇的兴衰,是苏格兰许多大家族难以避免的。the fluctuations of market prices, their deviations from values, their ups and downs paralyze and compensate each other.市场价格的上下波动,市场价格的背离价值,市场价格的涨落都是相互抵消和互相补偿的。

6、useful for, useful to

这是两个形容词词组,通常用作动词be或become的表语或后置定语,都表示“对。有用的”的意思,但在用法上有所区别。

useful for中的for表示目的或用途,其后通常接动名词或事物名词。例如:these books are useful for writing.这些书对写作很有用。those old dusters will become useful for polishing the car. 那些旧掸子来掸汽车上的灰倒挺合用的。

useful to中的to表示对象,其后接表示人的名词或代词。useful for 有时也可接人的名词表示对象,这时两者可以换用。例如:your suggestions have been most useful to us.你的建议对我们极有用处。this grammar book is particularly useful for foreign students.这本语法书对外国学生尤为有用。

7、up, down

up和down既是介词,又是副词,它们除了可分别表示“向上”和“向下”外,还有其他的意义。

1). up和down都可表示“沿着”,相当于along;或表示“在远端”,相当于at the far end of。例如:they are walking up/ down the street hand in hand.他们手牵手沿着街漫步。 can you see the post office up/ down the road?你能不能看到这条路末端的邮电局?

2). up还常用来表示向高处,向重要的地方,向北方,向城市,向安静的住宅区及大学等。down则常用来表示向低处,向次要的地方,向南方,向乡村,向热闹的商业区及离开大学等。例如:he is flying up to beijing from nanchang.(指向重要的地方。)they went down to the countryside.(指向乡村。)i wouldn't consider going up north this summer.(指向北方。)she went down town to do some shopping.(指向商业区。)my son will go up to the university next year.(指向大学。)

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-E 6

本讲是以字母s开始的单词和短语辨析。

1、satisfactory, satisfying, satisfied

这三个形容词均可作定语,表语或补语。 satisfactory和satisfying都表示“令人满意的”的主动含义,两者一般可以换用。当用作表语或定语时,其句中的主语或修饰的名词大都是表示事物的名词。例如:the explanation is a satisfying / satisfactory one.这是一种令人满意的解释。the child's reading ability is satisfying for his age level.孩子的阅读能力以其年龄来说是令人满意的。that is a satisfying performance.那是一场令人满意的演出。

satisfied的意思是“满意的;满足的”,指用作主语的人本身对某事或别人所做的事感到满意。在用作表语或定语时,其句中的主语或修饰的名词一般都是表示人的名词,少数为非生物名词。此外,它还有“确信的”的意思,其后接that从句或介词短语。例如:the satisfied boy has just left.那个感到满意的小孩刚走。the customer was satisfied with the pair of shoes.这位顾客对他买的那双鞋子感到满意。i was satisfied thathe was guilty.我确信他有罪。

2、satisfied with, satisfied of

这两个词组中的分词形容词均用作表语。

satisfied with后可接人或事物的名词,表示“对……满意”的意思,等于pleased with。例如:she is never satisfied with anything for long.她对任何东西从来也不会长期感到满意的。are you satisfied with his answer?你对他的回答感到满意吗?

satisfied of后一般接事物名词或抽象名词,表示“确信”的意思,相当于sure of。例如:i am satisfied of the truth of his story.我确信他所讲的事的真实性。i am satisfied of your ability to do the work.我确信你有做这种工作的能力。

3、say sorry to ,be sorry to, be sorry for

say sorry to表示“向……表示道歉(歉意)”的意思,sorry是名词,to是介词,其后接表示人的名词或代词。例如:i'd say sorry to you, i must go.我要向诸位表示歉意,我得走了。don't scold him, he had said sorry to us.不要责备他了,他已经向我们道歉了。

be sorry to和be sorry for都表示“由于……而感到遗憾”的意思,其中sorry均为形容词。不同的是前者接动词原形,后者接名词或动名词。例如:i'm sorry to hear his failure.听说他失败了,我感到很遗憾。i'm sorry for giving so much trouble.对不起,给你添了这么多麻烦。

4、scene, scenery

这两个词都是名词,都有“景色”的含义,然而,它们所指的景色范围是不同的。

scene是可数名词,通常指一片“景色”,一个“风光”,舞台的一幕“布景”等,它还可用于指戏剧,电影等中的“一场”或“一段情节”。它也可用于指故事,事件等发生的“地点,场所”。例如:there were distressing scenes when the earthquake occurred.地震发生后到处是悲惨的景象。the scenes are changed during the intervals.幕间换了布景。the picture presents the bleak, bare, grayish scene of a february morning.这幅画描绘了二月一个早晨的荒凉、光秃、灰暗的景色。the scene on hamlet is denmark.哈姆雷特的故事发生在丹麦。a dark lane was the scene of the murder.凶杀的现场是条黑洞洞的小巷。

scenery是集合名词,为不可数名词,通常指户外一个地区整个的自然“景色”,而不是个别的局部的风景,它也可指“舞台(全堂的)布景。例如:the scenery is imposing.景色壮丽。the scenery pictures a garden in the moonlight.舞台全堂布景表现了一个月光下的庭园。

5、search, search...for, in search for

非介词搭配的search是及物动词,表示“搜查”的意思,其后通常接地点名词或人物名词。例如:he even searched my home without any reason.他甚至毫无理由地搜查了我的家。the policeman searched the thief, but found nothing.警察搜查了那个贼,但是一无所获。

search for中的search是不及物动词,与其后的介词for结合,构成及物性短语动词,表示花费极大的气力去“搜寻,寻找”某个特定的目标的意思。search … for有时可以分开使用,即search … for后接具体事物名词,表示“在(某地)搜寻(某东西)”的意思。例如:for a whole day they searched for the lost child.这个丢失的孩子他们寻找了一天。we searched the woods for the missing child.我们在森林里寻找那个走失的孩子。the puppet soldiers searched the village for our underground workers.伪军在全村搜寻我们的地下工作人员。

in search for为短语介词(其中search为名词),表示目的,常译作“(为了)寻找或寻求”,for亦可用of代替。例如:they went out to australia in search for/of gold.他们到澳大利亚去寻找黄金。

6、select, elect

这两个词都有“选”的意思,但其含义和用法有异。

select指在广泛的范围中进行有斟酌的“精选”,淘汰的意味较重,其后须跟名词或代词作宾语。例如:most of the delegates to the conference are selected from advanced workers.出席大会的大多数代表是从先进工作者中挑选出来的。it is difficult to select good materials for middle school students to read.为中学生选出阅读的好材料是困难的。

elect的最普通意思是通过正式手续或投票形式的“选举”,其后须跟人或职称名词作宾语,亦可跟名词+名词,名词+as短语,名词+不定式短语的复合结构。例如:we elected him monitor.我们选他为班长。they elected jimmy carter (as) president.他们选吉米卡特为总统。they elected him to take part in the competition.他们选他参加竞赛。

7、send, send for

send作及物动词时,是“寄;送;派遣”的意思。其句式可以是send sb. sth., send sth. to … 或send sb. to do。例如:they have sent me some pictures for guilin.他们寄给了我几张桂林的图片。they have decided to send him to the university.他们决定送他上大学。we'll send the young teachers to work in the countryside.我们将派青年教师去乡下工作。

send for是动介型短语动词用,表示“派人去请,派人去听,派人去拿”的意思,其后接表示人或事物的名词。例如:he is ill, please send for a doctor.他病了,请人叫医生来。the following day they sent for professor li.第二天他们派人去接李教授。

8、sensible, sensitive

这两个形容词都有“感觉的”含义,均可在句中作定语或表语。

sensible通常指人用感官去察觉,感觉到的对象一般是比较复杂或抽象的事物,其后常接of介词短语或to介词短语,分别表示“知道的,觉察的”和“对……有感觉”的意思。它还可用来说明是“通情达理的,明智的”或“懂事的”,用来说明事物是“合理的,行得通的”等。例如:she is sensible of her shortcomings. 她知道自己的缺点。he is sensible that he has made a grate mistake. 他觉察到自己犯了一个重大错误。his left eye is sensible to light.他的左眼对光线有所感觉。you should be sensible and not make exorbitant demands.你应该通情达理,不要作过分的要求。she is far too sensible to believe these ridiculous lies.她很聪明,不会相信这些荒谬的谎言。from the economic point of view, we may regard this as a sensible plan.从经济观点看,我们可

sensitive强调感觉的敏锐激烈,常译为“敏感的”,其后常接介词to短语;它还可指价格,要求等“易拨动的”,仪器等“灵敏(度高)的”等。例如:his pallid skin was sensitive to the glaring sun.他苍白的皮肤对耀眼的阳光很敏感。don't be so sensitive, i was only joking.别太敏感,我只不过是开个玩笑。the cost is not sensitive to batch size.价格不因批量变化而发生拨动。a barometer is sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure.气压计对气压的变化很灵敏。

9、separate...from, separate...into

separate … from意思是“把……和……分隔”,与可divide … from互换,但前者更常见。例如:theory should by no means be separated from practice.理论绝不应该脱离实际。we'd better separate the good ones from the bad ones.我们最好把好的和坏的分开。

separate … into意为“把 ……分成(为)……”,即把一个整体分成几等分,可与divide … into互换,但后者比前者常见。例如:let's separate ourselves into three groups.我们分成三个小组吧。physiographically the united states may be separated into three major divisions.从地形上美国可以分成三个主要地区。

10、set about, set out, set off

这几个短语动词各自的意义都比较多,但在表示“开始,着手;动身,出发”的意义,往往容易混淆。

set about是“开始(做某事)或“着手(做某事)”的意思,是短语动词作及物动词用,介词后要接名词,代词或动名词。例如:that evening he set about writing the report.那天晚上他开始写报告。

set out也表示“着手,开始”的意思,但其后须接带to的动词不定式。例如:we now set out to climb the hill.现在我们开始爬山。he sets out to write his novel at seven at night.他每天晚上七点开始写小说。 set off是短语动词作不及物动词用,表示“出发,动身”地意思。set out也有这一种意思,这时候它们可以互换。例如:i set off/ out immediately.我立即就动身。we set out /off at dawn.我们黎明时动身了。

11、set fire to, catch fire

这两个动词习语都在句中作谓语,均有“着火”的意思,但其涵义和用法有所不同。

set fire to中的to为介词,其后须跟名词作宾语。它表示一种有意识的破坏性的行动,即“放火烧,使燃烧”的意思;它还可以引申来指人的一种感情活动,即“使兴奋,使激动”的意思。它亦可解作set … on fire,但必须注意,原介词to后的宾语则变为动词set的宾语。试比较:the despot set fire to his house beforehe took to flight.= the despot set his house on fire before he took to flight.恶霸逃跑前,放火烧了自己的房子。the sparks set fire to the oily rags.火花使油布燃烧起来了。the orator set fire to the audience.演讲者使听众情绪激昂。

catch fire 中的catch可改用take,它亦可解作catch on fire。 catch fire是不及物动词习语,其后不能跟任何宾语,因为实际上它已是一个动宾结构了。它表示一种不受外界干涉或影响的自行“着火”或“燃烧”,它也可引申为“激动,兴奋”的意思,但都是指一种自觉的行动或活动。例如:cotton catch fire easily.棉花容易着火。first the curtains caught on fire and then the bedclothes.窗帘首先着了火,接着被褥也烧着了。the poet caught fire from the philosopher's talk.诗人听了哲学家的话激动起来了。

12、shoot, shoot at

shoot用作及物动词和shoot at都有“射击”的意思,其后均可接人或事物名词。 shoot着重动作的结果,意为“射死,射中”。不过,其后接枪,剑等名词时,也可表示动作的过程,即“发射,射出”的意思。此外,它还有“狩猎”的意思。例如:he was shot in the head.他头部中弹。the hunter shot the rabbit.猎人把那只兔子射死了。they are going to shoot live ammunition today.他们今天要实弹射击了。he is in africa shooting lions.他在非洲狩猎狮子。

shoot at着重动作本身,指“对……射击”,但不一定射中;它还有“以……为目标;为……而努力”的意思。例如:the hunter shot at the tiger, but it ran away.那猎人向老虎开了枪,但老虎跑了。they are shooting at targets.他们在打靶。when it is achieved there will be other plans to shoot at.这一点实现以后,还要为实现别的计划而努力。they are shooting at a high output.他们在力争高产。

13、scarce, rare

scarce:“稀有的,缺乏的”,指有用的东西原本常见,而现在变得稀少缺乏,供不应求,常用作表语。例如:during wartime, many kinds of life necessities such as food, sugar and salt ran scarce.在战时,许多像食物,糖,盐等生活必需品都极其短缺。water being scarce in the mountainous area in the dry seasons, we built many reservoirs.因为旱季山区水源缺乏,所以我们修建了许多水库。

rare:“异常的,珍奇的,珍贵的”,指某物的例子,样品或事物很少找到,常含有uncommon之意。例如:he sometimes gave very precious wines to the rare guests he received in his luxurious villa.在那栋豪华的別墅里,他有时用珍贵佳酿来接待稀客。the air onthe mountain top was so rare that the mountaineers breathed very hard.山顶的空气如此稀薄,登山运动员们的呼吸非常困难。

14、short, shortly

short用作副词时,同副词shortly一样,都可用来表示谈话,演讲等方面的一种言简意赅的表达方式,即“简要地,简短地”的意思,但在用法上两者稍有不同。short通常用来修饰简单的(一般是单音节的)动词;而shortly则可修饰两个音节以上的动词。例如:he talked short with his manager.他同他的经理进行了简短的交谈。don't speak short at meeting.在会上不要讲得简洁了。he explained his meaning shortly but clearly.他简要明了地解释了自己的意图。short还可表示“达不到目标地”及“突然地,出其不意地”等意。例如:the shells fell short.炮弹没有打到目标。the thief was caught short.那盗賊出其不意地被抓住了。

shortly的主要意义是“立刻,马上,不久”,此外,它还有“不耐烦地”等意。例如:he will leave here shortly.他马上就离开这儿。he answered shortly that he didn't care what i thought.他很不耐烦地回答说,他不在乎我怎么想。

15、shout at, shout to

shout at常含有贬意,表示辱骂,抱怨,后接表示人的名词或代词,常译作“冲着。吼叫,叫骂”。例如:he was angry and shouted at me.他生气了, 冲着我大喊大叫。he tried to talk to the men, but they shouted at him.他设法和他们交谈,他们却冲他嚷嚷。

shout to是一个中性短语动词,其后也接表示人的名词或代词,表示对某人大声喊叫,常译作“高声叫”。例如:he shouted to me and warned me of danger. 他向我大声喊道,要我当心危险。don't shout to him. 不要高声喊他吧。

16、show off, show up

这是两个动副型短语动词,均可用作及物动词和不及物动词,而且都有“显露”的含义,可实际上,它们的含义是有区别的。

show off主要用于贬义,指人的一种自我表现,即“卖弄”或“炫耀”自己的才华,财产等;它也可用作中性词语,表示“陈列,展览”或“使显眼,使夺目”的意思。例如:he never shows off.他从不卖弄自己的才能。she loves to show off her new dresses.她喜欢炫耀自己的新衣服。these ivory carvings will show off well against black velvet.这些象牙雕刻在黑丝绒的衬托下会非常醒目。

show up指一般正常的“显露” 或“显示”,如显露某人的性格或某物的特征等;它也可用于贬义,表示“暴露,揭露”的意思;它还可指某人在会议等场所上的公开“露面” 。例如:at times like these the true character of the man shows up.在这种时刻,人的真面目就显露出来了。the mark shows up only in the strong sunlight. 那痕迹只有在强烈的阳光下才显现出来。his show-off only serves to show up his ignorance. 他的卖弄只不过暴露了他自己的无知。he showed up only after everyone else had finished eating. 等大家都吃完了,他才露面。

17、shy of, shy with, shy from

shy of中的shy是形容词,用作表语,这个词组表示“对。有顾虑;因。而畏缩不前”或“对。有戒心”的意思。在美国口语中,它还可表示“对。感到不足,缺少”的意思。例如:don't be shy of telling us what you want.你需要什么尽管告诉我们,不要有顾虑。she is shy of such a thing.她对这样的事情有戒心。i am a bit shy of that sort of person. 她对那种人有戒心。the company is shy of funds. 这个公司资金不足。

shy with中的shy也是形容词,这个词组表示“在。面前害羞(shy in the presence of)”的意思,其后一般接表示人的名词。例如:she is shy with strangers.她在陌生人面前怕难为情。he is shy with women.他和女人们在一起怕羞。

shy away from,其中的shy是动词,一起构成动词词组,表示“由于羞怯,恐惧等而躲开或避开( avoid or move away out of shyness, fear, etc.)”的意思。例如:it is impossible for him to shy away from the problems.他要避开这些问题是不可能的。he shied away from such a hazardous venture. 他不想冒险去干这种有风险的事。

18、sit, seat

seat作动词用时,往往容易与sit相混淆。sit一般作不及物动词,其后不能跟宾语;间或它也可用作及物动词,表示“使坐下”的意思,相当于seat,但它决不可用过去分词sat作表语或补语。例如:the patient is sitting on the chair.那位病人坐在椅子上。the mother sat the child at a little table. 母亲把孩子放到小桌旁坐下。

seat只作及物动词,表示“使坐下,使就座”的意思,其后必须跟宾语。作表语或补语时,必须用过去分词seated. 例如:she seated her baby on her knees. 她让孩子坐在她膝盖上。he is seated at the desk.他坐在桌子旁。i found the boy seated on the chair. 我发现那个小孩坐在椅子上。

19、sit up, sit up for, sit up with

这几个以动词sit为中心词的词组都有“熬夜”的意思,在用法上也有一定的联系,但也有些不同。

sit up是动副型短语动词,用作不及物动词,其后不能跟宾语;它还有“坐起来”的意思。实际上,“坐起来”是它的本义,“熬夜”是它的引申义。例如:she sat up late that night to write a detailed account of the unforgettable moment. 那晚,她迟迟没睡,详细地写下那难忘时刻的情景。the patient is able to sit up and take some foodnow. 病人现在已经能够坐起来吃东西了。

sit up for 是sit up and wait for(深夜不睡而等待着)的合成意思,其后须接人或事物名词作宾语。例如:i shall get back very late, so don't sit up for me.今晚我回来很迟,所以你不必等我回来再睡觉。i shall sit up for a while, in case i am wanted.我先不睡,说不定会用得着我。

sit up with 是sit up and sit with 的合成意思,即表示“熬夜照看”的意义,其后只接表示人的名词。例如:she sat up with the sick child all night.她彻夜不眠地陪着生病的孩子。the doctor sat up all night with the patient.医生彻夜守护病人。

20、sleep, sleepy, asleep

这三个词都有“睡”的意义,但其涵义,词性和用法有异。

sleep是动词,可作及物动词时,其后须跟表示人的名词,反身代词或同源名词作宾语。用作不及物动词时,还可作“死”的委婉语,在诗歌中常见。例如:she didn't sleep until midnight. 她直到半夜才睡。i slept a good sleep last night.昨晚我睡得很好。he still sleeps in the old graveyard. 他依旧长眠于那古老的墓地。

sleepy是形容词,既可作表语,亦可作定语。用作前者,意为“困乏的;想睡觉的”用作后者,意为“贪睡的;好睡觉的”。例如:he was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes open.他磕睡得很,两只眼睛都快睁不开了。he is a sleepy guy.他是一个贪睡的家伙。

asleep也是形容词,一般用作表语,意为“睡着”,强调动作的结果,它不能用very修饰,只可用much, fast, sound 等词修饰。例如:don't talk loud when others are asleep.别人睡着的时候,不要大声讲话。the baby is soundly asleep.那婴儿睡得很熟。

21、slow down, slow up

这是一对动副型短语动词,均可用作及物和不及物动词。看上去,它们似乎是一对反义词,因为其中的副词down 和up 往往含有相对或相反的意思。其实,它们在表示机器,车辆的速度“减慢” 或“使减慢”的意思时,却是一对同义词,可以换用。例如:the machine slowed down and stopped.机器逐渐减速,终于停住了。there were signs at every curve in the road warning motorists to slow up.每个弯道上都有路标,警告驾驶员减速。their objections are slowing down the progress of the negotiations.他们的反对使谈判进程放慢下来。

slow down和slow up在指人的动作,智力等“迟钝”时,也是同义词,可以换用。但slow down还可指生活“松散”,工作“ 松劲”;slow up 则可表示生意,事务等“变得不那么忙”的意思。例如:he has slowed down a lot since his heart attack.从发过心脏病以后,他动作迟钝得多了。you must find some way of slowing your father down, he is far too busy now. 你得想法让你父亲轻松一点;他现在太忙了。business slows up at the stores after christmas. 过了圣诞节商店里就不那么忙了。

22、sometime, some time, sometimes

sometime是副词,表示“曾经;某时;有朝一日”的意思,常同过去或将来时连用,即表示过去或未来某一不定时刻。例如:the same thing happened sometime during the war.同样的事情曾经在战争时期发生过。it will happen sometime and somewhere.这总会在某地某时发生的。

some time是名词词组,通常表示一段时间”的含义,多用作介词for的宾语,一起作时间状语;亦可用作连系动词be的表语或动词take, spend 的宾语,表示“一些时间”的意思。例如:i will live there for some time.我将在那儿住一些日子。it will be some time before the work is finished.要完成这件工作要相当长的时间。it will take you some time to do the work.你需要花些时间来做这项工作。

sometimes是副词,意为“有时侯”,常在句中连用。例如:the students talk sometimes in english and sometimes in french.学生们有时用英语交谈,有时用法语交谈。the birds sometimes sings.这鸟不时啼叫。

23、stare at, glare at

stare at意指“凝视”,表示由于惊奇,羡慕或恐惧而张大眼睛,目不转睛地注视。这种注视可能有意无意地表现出无礼或粗鲁的态度。例如:it's rude to stare at other people.盯着别人看是不礼貌的。the old man stared at us without saying a word. 老头注视我们,一句话也没有说。

glare at是“怒视”的意思,表示凶狠地或恐吓地注视,强调敌对或威胁的态度,有时。例如:don't glare at her.别向她瞪眼。they stood glaring at each other. 他们站着互相怒目而视。

24、start with, to start with

start with是动词词组,可直接用作谓语,其意为“以。开始,从。着手,将。作为开头”等。例如:he started with the aim of injuring others only to end up by ruining himself. 他本想损害别人,结果只害了自己。starting with very simple equipment, they produced a number of high-quality machines.从简陋的设备起家,他们生产了不少高质量的机器。

to start with是不定式短语,用作插入语或状语,位置比较灵活,其意为“首先,从一开始时”,相当于at first, at the beginning。例如:he pulled hard, to start with, but after a time he began to lose interest and let go of the rope.他起初拉得很起劲,但过了一些时候他就开始失去兴趣,于是把绳子放掉了。you have no right to raise this question, to start with.首先,你们无权提出这个问题。 begin with 和to begin with的意思及用法与start with和to start with的意思及用法基本相同。例如:the first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter.句子的第一个词应以大写字母开头。to begin with, let me introduce to you mr. li of our corporation.首先,让我给你介绍我们公司的李先生吧。

25、stay in, stop in

第一个词组表示“留在家里(remain at home or inside),课后留在学校(remain in school after class)”。这时in为副词,其后不需要接地点名词。在表示“停留或逗留(某地)”的意思时,两者一般可以通用,这时它们为动介型动词词组,其后须跟地点名词(一般是国家或城市等名词)作宾语。例如:i'm staying (or: stopping) in this evening. i have a lot of work to do.我今晚呆在家里,我有许多事情要做。if this noise goes on any longer you'll all have to stay in after school.如果你们再吵闹下去,放学后就得全部留下来。we stopped (or: stayed) three days in chicago.我们在芝加哥逗留了三天。 若表示“去某地的途中中途逗留一会儿”,则应用stop in。此外,stop in还有“顺便拜访(drop in) ”的意思。例如:i shall stop in wuhan on my way to beijing.我要在去北京的途中在武汉停留一会儿。i'll stop in on my way home. 我将在回家的路上顺便去看看。 stay in还有“固定在适当位置(remain in position)”的意思。例如:when the nails are screwed in, they will stay in.螺钉拧进去以后,就固定不动了。

注意:在表示“在(某旅馆,饭店,饭馆)停留或逗留”的意思时,英美人习惯用stay/ stop at,而不用stay/ stop in。例如:we arranged to stop (or: stay) at a hotel.我们打算在一家旅馆投宿。

26、step in, in step

这是一对同素反序词组,其意义和用法迥然不同。 step in是动副型不及物短语,其后不能跟宾语。它有三个意思:1.走进(enter a room or a house) 2.作短时间的非正式访问,串门(drop in) 3.(未经邀请)插手,介入或干涉。例如:the clerk stepped in and asked for mr. black.办事员走进来要找布兰克先生。if you happen to be passing by, be sure to step in and have a chat.如果你正好路过的话,请一定进来谈谈。the united nation may step in and try to settle the dispute.联合国可能会插手进来设法解决争端。

in step中的step是名词,同介词一起构成介词短语,在句中用作状语或表语,表示“同步,步调一致”的意思,其后常紧跟with短语,即构成in step with结构,表示“与。步调一致”的意思。例如:lawrence was tall and charles was short so that it was quite amusing to see them try to keep in step.劳伦斯很高,而查尔斯很矮,因此看他们走路时竭力保持一致的步伐是十分有趣的。if he expects to remain in office, a politician must keep in step with the times.一个政治家要指望能够继续执政,就必须跟上时代的步伐。

27、stick at, stick to

stick at一般指“坚持工作,学习,劳动”等,其后除接名词,代词外,还可接动名词。它还有“对。犹豫不决”的意思,作此义解时它通常用于否定句。例如:he sticks at his work more than ten hours a day.他每天坚持工作十小时以上。he sticks at nothing.他毫无顾忌。

stick to通常指坚持”立场,观点,原则,方法或规定等,其后一般接名词。它还有“坚守(岗位);信守(诺言,合同);忠于(某人);粘在。上”的意思。例如:sticking to this principle, he has written many more songs.他坚持这个原则,写出了更多歌曲。teachers must stick to this rule.教师必须坚守这条规定。he will stick to her whatever happens.不管发生什么事,他都忠于她。dandelions stick to woolen suits.蒲公英易粘附在毛衣上。

28、substitute...for, substitute...with

substitute a for b 和 substitute a with b 都是表示“用。代替”的意思,一般指同类事物的代替,其中substitute为及物动词,其后接介词for或with后须跟宾语。这两者可以通用,但其用法有所不同;前者,substitute 后的宾语为代替的对象,介词for后的宾语为被替代的对象;后者,substitute后的宾语为被替代的对象,介词with后的宾语为代替的对象。试比较以下例句:we substituted red balls for blue, to see if the baby would notice.(= we substituted blue balls with red, to see if the baby would notice.)我们用红球替代蓝球,观察婴儿是否注意到它们的区别。we must substitute experiment and observation for speculative theories.(= we must substitute speculative theories with experiment and observation.我们应该用实验和观察代替纯理论。

substitute for是“代替,替换”的意思,其中substitute是不及物动词,同介词for一起构成及物动词词组。其主语为代替的对象,其宾语为被代替的对象。

本讲就到这里。下一讲,我们将学习以字母t开始的单词和短语辨析。

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-J 7

1、take a chair, take the chair

take a chair是“拿一把椅子” 坐一会儿“的意思。例如:he has just taken a chair into the room.他刚才拿了一把椅子进了房间。won't you take a chair?你请坐一会儿,好吗?

take the chair是一个习惯用语,表示”担任主席,主持会议“的意思当然,在一定场合,它也可以表示”拿(这)把椅子“的意思。例如:we hope you will be so kind as to take the chair.希望你会乐意主持这次会议。who took the chair at the conference?那次会议谁担任主席?please take the chair out.请把这把椅子搬出去。

2、take...as, take...for

这两个关联短语都是指”把。看作,把。当作“的意思,但含义有所不同。

take...as是一般地看待某人或某物,相当于regard...as。例如:they take us as little kids who count for nothing.他们把我们看作是无足轻重的孩子。we mustn't take success and failure as a personal matter.我们不应当把成败看作是个人的事。

take...for有把某物或者人错看成或错当成的含义。例如:at first they took him for a foreigner. several months later, they came to know he is a true chinese.开始他们都把他当成外国人,几个月后,他们才知道他是一个真正的中国人。do you take me for a fool who believes that tale?你是不是把我看成个傻瓜,以为我竟会相信那种谎言?

3、take note, take note of, take notes (of)

take note是动名型短语动词,可用作不及物或及物动词。作前者时,一般独立使用;作后者时,通常其后接不定式或that从句。其意义和作用相当于take care,即表示”注意,留心“的意思。例如:take note, keep children away from the water's edge.注意,勿让孩子在水边逗留。take note not to wake the baby.留神,别把孩子吵醒了。please take note that this city is in the north, not in the south of china.请注意,这座城市是在华北,不是在华南。

take note of是动名介型短语动词,作及物动词用,其后须跟名词,代词等作宾语,其作用和意义相当于pay attention to。例如:your remarks have been taken careful note of, and i hope we'll soon reply to each of them in detail.你的讲话已受到充分注意,我想不久以后逐一详细答复。nobody took any note of the old man's death.没有谁注意到那老人死了。

take notes表示”记笔记“的意思,用作不及物动词;take notes of意为”把。记下来“,其后须跟所记下的内容,作宾语。例如:he spoke so rapidly that it was difficult to take notes without missing something of what he said.他讲得太快,要把他的话毫无遗漏地记录下来是困难的。do you take notes of the lectures?你听课记笔记吗?since there was no textbook for the course, his students had to take detailed notes of everything the professor said.由于这个课程没有课本,学生们只好详细记录教授的讲课内容。

4、take the place of, take place

take the place of是”代替“的意思。若所代替的对象是代词,则通常采用take one's place的形式。例如:electronic computers have taken the place of thousands of working people.电子计算机代替了千万个人的劳动。last night, our monitor didn't come and i was asked to take his place.昨晚我们班长未到,大家要我代替他。

take place表示”发生,举行“的意思,是不及物短语动词,不可用被动语态。它仅用于历史上的事件,集会等,而不用于地震等自然界的现象。它常可与happen换用。例如:in 1919,the may 4th movement took place in china.19,中国爆发了五四运动。battle after battle took place in which the enemy suffered heavy losses.战斗一个接一个地进行,在这些战斗中敌人蒙受了重大损失。

5、tell...of, tell...about, tell...from

tell...of和tell...about中的动词tell后须接表示人的名词或代词,介词of和about后接谈到的情况或内容,这两个词组在一般情况下可以换用。但在表示提起某事时,倾向于tell...of,在表示详细地讲述有关情况时,倾向于用tell...about。例如:she told us of / about the difficulties she had met with in her work.她给我们谈了谈她在工作中碰到的困难。we must tell them of/ about our decision.我们应当把我们的决定告诉他们。he told us about the present situation.他给我们谈了当前的形势。

tell...from表示对好坏,优劣,真假或两种事物加以 ”区分“的意思。其中tell后的宾语与介词from后的宾语一般都是一对相反或相近的意义的词。例如:can you tell her from her twin sister?你能分得出她和她的孪生姐妹吗?but through practice one can tell the true from the false.但通过实践我们可以区别真伪。

6、terrified of, terrified at 这两个词组中的terrified均为形容词化的过去分词,同连系动词be连用。 terrified of是”害怕“的意思,相当于afraid of, 其后可接名词,代词或动名词,表示原因。例如:the child was terrified of being left alone in the house.那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。 she was terrified of being killed in an air raid.她很害怕在空袭中被炸死。

terrified at后除可接名词,代词或动名词,表示”因听到(看到)...而害怕“。常有terrified at the thought of/ at the idea of/ at the prospect of, etc.等搭配,即表示”想到。而惊恐,想象。而惊恐,展望。而惊恐“等意思。例如:she was terrified at the deafening explosion.她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。the old lady was terrified at the thought of crossing such a busy road.老妇人想到要穿过这样一条繁忙的马路便感到害怕。

7、title, topic, subject, theme

theme:”主题,论题,题目“,指人们为了进行文学或艺术方面的论述而选取的主体,如诗的思想,主张,乐曲的主旋律或绘画的基调,它与subject, topic的区别在于它有时暗示在立意,形式,效果等方面进行了比较,如an overworked theme(老生常谈的题目)指立意上与别的作品相比并无新意。this is a one-man show of paintings whose theme was the vulgarity of modern life.这是一个以现代生活的庸 the graduates wrote a number of essays whose theme was man's will-power.研究生们写了以人类的意志力为主题的一系列论文。

title:”标题,题目“,指书,绘画,剧作等创作作品的名称;还可讲作”头衔,称呼,权利“。短语:an essay under the topic of 题为。的文章。例如:it was the book's eye-catching title that helped me make up my mind to buy it.正是这醒目的书名才使我下决心买下这本书。this is a picture that requires no title; i think everyone knows what the author really wants to show.这是一幅无需任何标题的图画,我相信人人知道作者想展示什么。

topic:”话题,题目,主题,论题“,指人们普遍感兴趣或对之持有不同观点,因而可供讨论的题目,也指为了对之进行独特而有创意的论述而选择的话题,可指整篇作品的主旨,也可指某个章节,段落乃至单句包含的要点。the topic of your article is very good, but your spelling and style must be improved.你文章的题目很好,但拼写及风格必须改进。i cannot remember in a very long conversation what topic has been touched upon and what has not.我不记得在拖得很长的谈话中什么话题涉及到了,什么没有涉及。

subject:”题目,主题“,在这组词中词义最广,最不确切,泛指在某一范围内的主题,以及取舍并处理某种材料的指导原则,涉及面广,概括性强,一般包括若干topic。例如:when someone rang at the door, he was doing research on the subject matter which would be under discussion in his next day's philosophy class.有人按门铃的时候,他还在为第二天哲学课所讨论的主题寻找资料。he chose ”a reform in teaching methods“ as the subject of his lecture.他选择”教学方法的改革“作为讲话的题目。

8、though, although

这两个词都有”虽然“之意,均不能与but连用,但可加yet, still等词以加强语气。

although:”尽管,虽然“,只作连词,较正式,一般情况下可以用though替代。he passed the exam although he had been prevented by illness from some classes.虽然他曾因病耽误了学习,但他考试还是及格了。although he was seriously wounded, he still held out on the battle-field.他虽然身负重伤,但坚持不下火线。

though:”虽然,尽管,即使“,还可以与even连用,even though即使,纵然。作副词时,一般不能置于句首,译作:”然而,不过“,相当于nevertheless。i can see that new york must seem dull to her though the family won't admit it.我看得出来纽约对她来说一定很单调乏味,虽然家里人不愿承认这一点。she won't leave the tv set, even though her husband is waiting for his supper.即使丈夫等着吃饭,她也不愿离开电视机。

9、thoughtful, considerate

这组词均有”周到的“之意。

considerate:”周到的,体贴的“,指对他人的感情或处境周到,能设法减轻他人的悲伤或分担他人的苦恼。常用句型:it's considerate of sb. to do;常用词组:be considerate towards / about sb.对。体贴的。it was very considerate of you not to play the piano while your mother had a bad headache.你在母亲头痛得很厉害时不弹钢琴,真是考虑得非常周到。he was too courteous and considerate to make stubborn subordinates bend to his will.他对人很客气,体贴,不迫使固执的属下服从他的意愿。

thoughtful:”体贴的,关怀他人的“,指无私地关心他人,为他人的安逸,舒适着想,能推测了解到别人的愿望或需用。常用句型:it's thoughtful of sb. to do;常用词组:be thoughtful about/ for 对。(考虑)周到的。it was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us.你们考虑得很周到,为我们做好了一切必要的安排。it was very thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival.你来之前先通知我,真是考虑周到。

10、thanks for, thanks to

这两个短语中的thanks是名词,实际上可看作i'd like to express my thanks for/ to...的省略形式。由于它们常用在口语中,尤以简洁为宜。

thanks for中的介词for表示原因。其后须接名词或动名词,表示”感谢“的缘由。例如:a thousand thanks for your kindness.非常感谢你的善意。well, i must be going now. thanks for your time.我得走了。谢谢你为我花费了时间。

thanks to中的to为介词。它有两种意义和用法:一是表示”谢谢“的意义,其介词to后须接表示人的名称或代词,即”谢谢“的对象;二是作短语介词用,表示原因,其后须接名词,代词或动名词,常译为”由于,因为“或”多亏“的意思。例如:you helped me a lot. many thanks to you.你给予了我许多帮助,非常感谢你。it was thanks to your stupidity that we lost the game.正是由于你的愚笨害得我们输了这场比赛。thanks to a good teacher, she passed the exam.多亏有位好老师,她才通过了考试。

11、the reason why, the reason that

这两个短语中的why和that分别引导的都是同位语从句,它们均表示”。的理由(或原因)“的意思,两者可以通用。例如:the reason why/that it should be so is now clear.应当如此的理由现在清楚了。the reason why/that idealism and metaphysics are held to be obstacles to truth is that they discourage scientific inquiry into truth.唯心论和形而上学之所以被认为是真理的障碍是因为它们阻碍对真理的科学的探讨。

值得注意的是the reason why/that后接表语从句时,多数语法学者认为应该用that引导,有的语法学者则认为用because引导也是可以的。以下是摘录的原文例句:the reason why i am dealing with so many pictures tonight is because i happen to have seen them all just recently.我今晚之所以谈这么多的影片是因为我恰好最近都看过。the reason why he's late is that/because there was a breakdown on the railway.他之所以迟到是因为火车出了故障。

12、three weeks ago, three weeks before

这两个词组均属于”一段时间+副词“结构。类似的说法还有five years ago, five years before; two days ago, two days before等。 ”一段时间+ago“是以现在为准,表示”自今。前“的意思,它常与一般过去时的动词连用。若状语是”since+一段时间+ago“结构,或者谓语有情态动词,动名词或虚拟语气等,其句子有时可用完成时态。例如:several million years ago, our country was covered by thick forests.几百万年前,我们的大地被茂密的森林覆盖着。he has been there since two weeks ago.两周以来,他一直在那儿。he must have seen the film two days ago.他两天前一定看过这部影片。i remember meeting you somewhere two years ago.我记得两年前在哪里见到过你。i had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago.我原以为他二十年前就去世了。

”一段时间+before“是以过去某时候为准,表示”那时的。前“的意思。常用于过去完成时。例如:mr. li went abroad in 1978. i had met him two years before.李先生1978年出国的,在那两年前我见过他。when i visited her, she told me that she had graduated from the college three years before.当我去拜访她时,她告诉我她是三年前从那所大学毕业的。

13、till, until till和until

都可以用作连词和介词,用于肯定句和否定句。用于肯定句时,只与持续性动词连用,表示”到。为止“。用于否定句时,通常与瞬间动词连用,也可与持续性动词连用,表示”直到。才“的意思。这两个词一般情况下可以相互换用。例如:we waited for him until/till six o'clock.我们等他到一直等到六点钟。the pupils will not begin the meeting till/until their class supervisor comes.学生们等到班主任一到就开始开会。they didn't talk until/till the interpreter came.直到译员到,他们才交谈。he did not go to bed until/till he had made sure that nothing was wrong with the pipes.他检查水管,确准它们没有毛病,才去睡觉。

当until用于句首时,一般不能用till代替。在以not开始的从句或短语里,till一般也不可代替until,而且这种句式要用倒装语序。例如:until the last minute of the match we kept playing.直到比赛的最后一分钟,我们仍然坚持奋战。not until he had finished his work did he go home.他直到把工作做完,才回家去。

14、tiresome, tiring, tired

这三个形容词均可用作定语,表语或补语。

tiresome和tiring都表示”令人讨厌的,令人疲乏的“的主动含义,其行为主体或所修饰的词多为事物,有时也可以是人。两者一般可以换用。例如:the job is tiresome (or: tiring).这工作真累人。that is a tiresome (or: tiring) talk.那是一次令人厌倦的谈话。he is a tiresome (or: tiring) fellow.他是个令人讨厌的家伙。

tired的意思是”疲倦的,劳累的“,其主语或者所修饰的词通常是人。它还有”厌倦“的意思,其后常接介词短语。例如:he has worked the whole day, so he feels very tired.他工作了一整天,感到非常劳累。the tired man has gone to rest.那个疲惫不堪的人休息去了。such a long lecture would make the audience tired.这么冗长的讲话会使听众感到疲乏。

15、to date, up to date, up-to-date

to date是介词短语用作副词,在句中作状语,通常用于句首,意为”到目前为止,到现在为止“。up to date也有这一意义和用法,这时,两者可以通用。例如:to date (or: up to date) twenty students have been accepted into the school.到目前为止已有二十名学生被接受入学。up to date (or: to date) we have no news of him.到现在为止我们还不知道他的消息。

up to date起形容词的作用,一般在句中作表语或补语,定语通常用up-to-date。它们均表示”最新的,现代化的,最近的,符合最新发展的“的意思。例如:that car is a beauty and quite up to date.那辆小汽车式样美观,新颖。he is always right up to date in his information about this subject.在这个学科上,他一向掌握最新的情报。the yearly supplement keep the dictionary up to date.逐年的增补使这部词典的内容能随时跟上形势的发展。what he has used is a up-to-date method of language teaching.他使用的是一种最新的语言教学法。

16、to one's mind, on one's mind

这两个短语中的one's根据主语的不同可有单复数变化形式,如my, your, his, our, their等,但其中的mind却只能用单数形式。

to one's mind是介词短语,有两种用法和意义:1.起副词的作用,在句子中作状语,表示”照某人的看法,据某人的意见“的意思;2.起形容词的作用,一般在句中作补语或表语,表示”合某人的心意,为某人所喜欢“的意思。例如:more people agree with him but to my mind he's quite young.大多数人都赞同他,但依我看来,他太年轻了。so now, the house, to his mind, had a most pleasing and comfortable appearance.因此,这座房子,在他看来,有着一种使人愉快和舒适的外观。he found life in the countryside very much to his mind.他发现乡村生活很合自己的口味。the event is just to their mind.这事正和他们的心意。

on one's mind亦可解作upon one's mind, 其本义为”在心上“,用作位置状语,常同动词have, get连用;亦可用作连系动词be的表语。它往往被引申为”惦记,操心,焦虑“的意思。例如:he looks as if he has something on his mind.他仿佛有什么心事似的。something was obviously on his mind, but he was reluctant to say what it was.他显然是在担心什么事,但他却不愿说。

17、to safety, in safety, for safety, with safety

这几个由介词加名词safety构成的介词短语,因使用的介词不同,其含义和用法也就有区别。 to safety相当于to a safe place,表示”到达安全地带或地方“,常同动态意味很强的动词,如move, transport等连用。例如:they have moved to safety.他们已经转移到安全的地方。the valuables have been transported to safety.那些贵重物品已经运到安全地带。

in safety主要表示某人或某种事物”处于安全的状态或地位“,常用作连系动词be的表语。例如:we are now in safety.我们现在安全了。don't worry, they are in safety.别着急,他们很安全。

for safety是指”为了安全,为了确保安全,为了安全起见“的意思。例如:while the family were away from home they placed all their valuables in the bank, for safety.当全家人外出时,他们为了安全起见,把所有贵重物品都存入银行。he placed all his money in the safe for safety.为了确保安全,他把所有钱都放进了保险柜。

with safety属表示-ly副词意义的介词短语,意为”安全地,不冒任何风险地“,相当于safely。in safety也有这一含义,这时两者可以通用,只是with safety更常见。例如:they crossed the road with (or: in) safety.他们安全地穿过了马路。cut off by the rising waters, the two boys climbed on to a ledge of rock, where they remained with (or: in) safety until they were rescued.两个孩子被不断上涨的洪水截断了归路,他们爬上岩壁,安全地在上面呆到被营救出来为止。 注:with safety有时还可以表示”无误地“的意思。例如:i think we can reckon with safety on at least ten people supporting us.我想我们能准确无误地指望至少有十个人支持我们。

18、together, altogether

这两个均用作副词,在句中作状语。

together主要表示三种意思:1.一起(in company) 2.同时(at the same time) 3.一致地,统一地。其前可加all以加强语气,即all together。例如: the family together earned one hundred dollars a week.一家人合在一起每星期挣一百美元。let's work together.让我们大家一起工作。the bells rang out together.钟声齐鸣。the arguments does not hang together well.这论点前后不尽一致。

altogether也有三个意思:1.完全地,全部地( entirely, wholly );2.总而言之,总之 (on the whole);3.总共。它常同数词连用,all together也有这个意思,此时两者可以互换。例如:he felt not altogether satisfied.他并不完全满意。it was raining, but altogether it was a good trip.尽管下着雨,但总的来说还是一次愉快的旅行。there are five apples on the plate altogether.盘子里总共有五只苹果。

19、too much, much too

too much可分别用作形容词(后接不可数名词),代词或副词。它主要有三个意思:1.太多的,过分的。2.极好的,激动人心的。3.(估价)太高的。例如:don't give him too much praise.不要给他太多的赞扬。too much is as bad as too little.过犹不及。we cannot admire his courage too much.我们怎样赞美他的勇气也不过火。don't think too much of yourself.不要自以为了不起。

much too表示”(实在)太“的意思,常用作副词,修饰形容词或副词。例如:the coat is much too large for me.这件上衣我穿实在太大。he studies english much too hard.他学习英语实在太刻苦了。 注意:下面一句中由于在much too和名词之间有一个表示数量意义的little,所以这句话也是正确的。例如:i am afraid that you have given much too little care to your work.我很担心你工作太不细心了。

20、tremble with, tremble at, tremble for

tremble with是”因……而发抖“的意思,其后通常接anger, cold, hunger, fear, excitement等名词,表示原因。例如:he is trembling with cold.他冻得发抖。his voice trembled with excitement.他兴奋得声音发颤。 tremble at表示”因(听到,看到)……而害怕(发抖)“的意思,因此常以tremble at the thought of (at the idea of, at the sight of, etc.)的形式出现。例如:she trembled at the idea of having to go through that ordeal again.她一想到再受那种折磨就害怕。he trembled at the sound of bursting bombs.他听到炸弹爆炸的声音吓得发抖。

tremble for表示”为。而担忧“的意思,接近于be worried about,其后可接安全,生命等名词外,还可接表示人的名词。例如:his parents tremble for his safety.他父母为他的安全担忧。i told him i trembled for the children not being back.我告诉他,孩子们没回来,我很着急。

21、troubled, troublesome

这是一对由trouble派生的形容词,但两词的含义有所不同。 troubled主要指人的神色,表情或说话声等”不安的,忧虑的(worried)“的意思。它还指”混乱的,**的“形势,状态等。例如:his troubled look frightened me.他那种忧虑的神情使我大吃一惊。he looks troubled.他看上去神色不安。the present situation is in troubled waters.当前形势正处于混乱的状态之中。

troublesome是”令人烦恼的,令人讨厌的(causing trouble or anxiety)“的意思。它还可表示”困难的,麻烦的(difficult)“等含义。例如:the cough is quite troublesome.这咳嗽真讨厌。he is a troublesome child.他是一个恼人的孩子。the troublesome problem will soon be solved.这道难题很快就会解决的。 注意:形容词后缀-some的含义是”有……倾向的“,它加在某些动词或名词后面,使该词变为具有主动意义的形容词,如:bothersome,tiresome, meddlesome等。

22、tune in, in tune

这是一对同素反序词语,其意义和用法则完全不同。

tune in是动副型短语动词,一般起不及物动词的作用,表示”调谐(收音机或电视机等)“的意思,一般译作”收听,收看“。若要言明收听或收看的内容,则往往在tune in后加介词to或on,即tune in to (or: on),后接收听或收看的内容。此外,它还有”使协调,使和谐“的意思,这时一般用其被动形式,即be tuned in。例如:we usually tune in to the news.我们一般收听新闻节目。let's tune in to (or: on) radio beijing.让我们收听北京广播电台。they are tuning in (to) the public channel.他们在收看公众频道。he's not very well tuned in to his surround.他和周围的环境有些格格不入。the lecturer could see from the expressions on the faces of his audience which students were really tuned in to what he was saying.演讲者从听众的面部表情上可以看出哪些学生对他所讲的内容是真正产生共鸣的。

in tune是介词短语,其中tune是名词。它的本义为”音调准确,合调“,常转义为”一致,协调,和睦,融合“,与介词with短语连用,即in tune with, 表示”与……一致“的意思。此短语一般同连系动词be连用作表语。例如:our grand piano is in tune.我们的大钢琴声音很准。the piano and the violin are quite in tune.钢琴和小提琴很合调。bessie's mind was not quite in tune with the profundities of that learned journal.蓓西的头脑理解不了这本深奥的学术性杂志。our policies are in tune with the needs and the aspirations of the people.我们的政策和人民的需要与愿望是一致的。

23、turn down, turn off

turn down表示”拒绝“,后接表示人及请求,提议等一类的名词;它令可表示”减弱“,用于调低,开小收音机,煤气等场合。

tune off表示”解雇,辞退“,后接表示人的名词;它令可表示”关掉“,用于关上收音机,煤气,自来水等场合。试比较:i didn't get the job. the company turned me down because i did not know english.由于我不懂英语,所以这家公司没有录用我。the boss thought him a trouble-maker and turned him off.老板认为他是一个惹麻烦的人而把他辞退了。turn the gas down! the meat is nearly done.把煤气开小些!肉几乎已熟了。don't turn the radio off. i'd like to hear the evening news.别把收音机关掉。我想听晚间新闻。

24、turn in, turn out

这两个动词短语的意义完全不同,且毫无关系。

turn in可作”交上,上缴“解,其中的in为副词。它另可作”拐入“解,此时 in为副词或介词。如:don't forget to turn your copy-books in.别忘了交上你们的抄写本。the soldier should turn in his equipment on leaving the army.士兵在离开军队时须交还装备。the driver had difficulty turning in such a narrow street.司机好不容易把车拐进这样窄的街道。

turn out的意义是”生产,赶出去,证明是“,其中的out为副词。如:the factory turned out 2,000 motorbikes a month.工厂每月生产辆摩托车。i'll have you turned out if you make any more trouble here.如果你们再在这里捣蛋,我就把你们赶出去。the boy turned out successful after all.毕竟那孩子最终变得很有出息。

25、technique, technology

technique为”技术,技巧“,指做某事的具体技术或方法,也可指艺术家和运动员的表演。technology为”技术,工艺“,统指工业技术和生产工艺,不指具体的做某一件技术及方法。以下句子中的technique和technology均不能互换:doctor bernard has got marvelous technique.this musician has perfect technique but little expression.we must develop science and technology.the scientists call the age we live in the age of technology.

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-L 8

本讲是我们高考英语必会词汇精讲系列的最后一讲。是以字母w开始的单词及短语辨析。

1、work on, work at

这两个短语动词都可以用作及物动词,均可表示“从事于,致力于”的意思,其后须跟名词,代词或者动名词作宾语,一般情况下可以互换,例如:they have been working on a design for a lighter plough.他们一直在设计一种比较轻的犁。they are working on a report of their investigation of synthetic rubber.他们在写一份合成橡胶的调查报告。he is working on a new novel.他正在写一本新的小说。they have worked on this subject for many years.他们研究这门学科已经有好多年了。she is working at some exercises.她在做练习题。they worked at it whenever regular field tasks are not pressing.日常的农活不紧迫时,他们就干这个。

work on除表示“从事于”的意思外,常见的意思还有“继续工作”。这时,on是副词,其后不能跟宾语。例如:they'll work on until sunset.他们将继续工作,直到日落。

2、worth, worthy to, worthy of, worthwhile

worth是“值得”的意思,一般看作介词(也有 接动名词时,要用主动形式,表示的却是被动的意义。有时为了强调,worth前还可以用适当的副词修饰。例如:what is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。this precision instrument is worth 10,000 yuan.这台精密仪器值一万元。the research work is worth our while.我们在这项研究工作上花了精力是值得的。

worthy to和worthy of除表示“值得的”的意义外,还有“配得上,相称的”等意思。前者后通常接被动不定式,间或接主动不定式。后者后通常接名词(但不能接有关钞票数目的名词)或动名词的被动形式,有时也接动名词主动形式。例如:it is a thing worthy to be seen.这件东西值得一看。nothing occurred worthy of being mentioned.没有发生什么值得一提的事。she is worthy of this necklace.她是配得上这条项链的。

worthwhile是形容词,可用作表语,其主语可以是名词,代词,动名词或不定式;它亦可用作定语。此外,worthwhile还可以分开,在while前加物主代词。例如:it is worthwhile visiting hangzhou.杭州值得一游。this is a worthwhile experiment.这是一项值得进行的实验。it is worth our while to read the book.我们读这本书是值得的。

3、war, battle, fight

war“战争”解,每个war之中可以包含许多次的battle。battle作“战役”解,指在war进行之中的各次战役及大的战斗。fight作“作战,战斗”解,一个battle之中可以包含多次的fight,尤指短兵相接的肉搏战。这一组词不但可表示具体的战争和战斗,亦可用于抽象意义。例如:russia was beaten in the war with japan.在与日本的战争中,俄国被打败了。he led the battle against poverty and disease.他领导着这一场与贫困和疾病斗争的战役。there had been two or three sea fights between the two countries.这两个国家已有过两三次海战了。

4、what ever, whatever

what ever指“到底(是)什么,究竟(是)什么”,用于疑问句中,其中的ever被用来加强语气,表示惊奇,愤怒等感情色彩。例如:what ever do you think you're doing?你究竟在干什么?what ever do you mean?你到底是什么意思?

whatever指“无论什么,任何的”,常用来引导名词性从句及状语从句,在引导名词从句时相当于anything that,引导状语从句时相当于no matter what。例如:whatever you say is wrong.不管你说什么总是错的。whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.无论你有什么问题,都可以找我帮忙。

5、would rather, prefer

这两者均可表示“宁愿,更喜欢”。

would rather是一个情态词组,后接省去to的不定式,表示某个具体的特定行为。prefer是一个实义动词,后接带to的不定式,也表示一个具体的特定行为。例如:he would rather join you in the research work.他宁愿加入到你的研究工作中来。which would you rather have, bread or rice?面包和米饭,你更喜欢哪一个?we prefer to living this way.我们更喜欢这种生活方式。he preferred to go on a picomic with the girls.他更喜欢和女孩们去野餐。

两者接不定式时,可分别与than和rather than搭配,表示“宁愿。而不愿”,would rather...than与prefer...rather than的后半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如:he would rather work than play.他宁愿工作也不愿玩。he would rather be poor than get money in such a dishonest way.他宁愿受穷也不愿以这样一种不诚实的方法弄到钱。they preferred to die of hunger rather than take his bread.他们宁愿饿死也不愿接受他的面包。she prefers to be trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents.她宁愿有麻烦也不愿让父母照顾她。

prefer后能接名词或动名词作宾语,用动名词时,表示一个习惯性的动作。它也可与介词to搭配,表示“喜欢。而不喜欢。would rather则不能接名词及动名词。例如:do you prefer coffee or tea?你喜欢咖啡还是茶?she prefers being alone.她喜欢一个人呆着。i prefer orange to red.相比于红色,我更喜欢橙色。he prefers reading novels to watching tv.相比于看电视,他更喜欢看小说。

prefer可跟带不定式的复合结构,而would rather则没有这种用法。例如:i prefer you not to come.我宁愿你不要来。i should prefer you not to stay there too long.我宁愿你别在那儿待得太久。

would rather和prefer后都可接从句,从句中要用虚拟语气:在would rather后的从句里,要用过去时态表示现在和将来,用过去完成时态表示过去;在prefer后的从句里,则用should加动词原形的形式,should 也可以省去。例如:i would rather you came next month.我宁愿你下个月来。we'd rather you hadn't done that.我们宁愿你没做过那件事。i prefer that the plan be fully discussed before it is carried out.我更希望这个计划在实施之前先对其进行充分的讨论。he preferred that we do it some other way.他更希望我们换一种方式做这件事。

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-B 9

b

1、base与basis

这两个词在作名词时可表示”基础;基地“,但其意义是不同的。base用来指某物体的具体”基础“或底部的”支柱“。

例如:we camped at the base of the mountain.我们在山脚下扎营。

our company's base is in new york , but we have extended many branches all around the world.我们公司的总部设在纽约,但是分公司遍及全世界。

而basis则用来表示抽象意义上的”基础“,常用于比喻句。

what's the basis of your opinion?你的意见的根据是什么?

we are willing to develop economic relations with all countries on the basis of mutual benefits.我们愿意在互利互惠的原则下同各国发展经济关系。

2、be about to这个短语与”be to do“,”be going to do“两个短语都可用来表示”将要做某事,但含义和用法有所不同。be about to 从时间上来讲,等于be just going to do,意思是“即将,马上就要去做”。因此,在由这个短语构成的句子中,一般不可再加上表示时间的状语(如at once, next)

例如:i am about to leave for shanghai.我将要去上海。

be to do主要表示安排或计划要在将来做的事情,它还可以表示命令等语气,相当于should, must 等。它可以同将来的时间状语连用。

例如:the us president bill clinton is to visit japan next week.美国总统比尔?克林顿将于下周访日。the letter is to be handed to him in person.这封信必须面交他本人。

be going to do 一般可以和be to do 换用,它在通常情况下表示计划,安排或准备去做某事的意向,但并不一定马上去做。它一般都与时间状语连用;此外,它还可以用来表示某种推断或可能性。

例如:what are you going to do for your holiday?假期有什么打算吗?it's going to rain soon, look at those black clouds.看那些乌云,快要下雨了。

3、beat; hit; strike这三个词都有“打;击;敲”的意思,但仔细分辩,还是有其各自的用法。beat 表示“连续不断地打击”;尤其指心脏的跳动。hit表示“撞击”(尤指一次性的)或命中(目标)。而strike除了与hit同义外,还可以理解为划(火柴);给人深刻印象等。

例如:the man looked dead but his heart was still beating.这个人看上去已经死了,可心脏还在跳动。he hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使劲地击球,结果球越过了墙。

she struck (or: hit) him hard on the head with a vase.她用一只花瓶使劲地往他头上一敲。

he went in, struck a match and lit a candle to give light. 他进屋,划了根火柴并点燃了蜡烛照亮了房间。the foreigner was deeply stricken by the beauty of the west lake.外宾对西湖之美印象极深。

4、before long; long before这两个词组只是在顺序上有所颠倒,其含义却完全不同。before long = soon ,表示“不久以后”。

例如:i hope you will be back before long.我希望你不久就回来。

而long before = long time ago很久以前,

例如:i saw that american film long before.我很久以前就看过那部美国电影了。

有时long before后面可以跟一个句子,这时候before是连词,引出一句时间状语,表示“在…… 前很久”的意思。

例如:he had been a party member long before he came to our school.他到我们学校来之前早就是一个党员了。

5、begin这个词看来再普遍不过了,但它用于某些词组时,其意思就会有所不同,让我们看一下:

1.begin by 作“先(做某事)”解。

例如: i must begin by telling you about the factory itself. 我先给你们谈一谈工厂本身。

2.begin with它的意思是以…开始。

例如:knowledge begins with practice.知识从实践开始。

3.to begin with

1). 首先we can't go. to begin with, it's too cold. besides, we've no money.我们不能去。首先天太冷。此外,我们没有钱。

2). 开始时to begin with, they had little support but later on people began to trust them.开始时支持他们的人很少,但后来人们开始信任他们了。

6、believe与believe in。 believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示相信的意思;后接从句时表示认为。

例如:i don't believe his story.我不相信他所说的。i believe he told us the truth.我认为他告诉我们的是真的。

而believe in是一个动介型短语动词,这时believe是不及物动词,一起表示信任即trust“ 的意思。

例如:she doesn't believe in god.她不信奉上帝。

they believe in astrology and let it rule their lives completely.他们相信占星术并且由它来绝对支配他们的生活。

believe与believe in的后面均可接人的名词或代词,但其意义不同。试比较:i believe in him. (= i trust him.) 我信任他。i believe him. (= i believe what he says.)我相信他的话。

7、beside与besides

8、blow up与blow out。

9、break into与break in10、burn out与burn up

11、but do与but to do12、by heart与at heart

13、by turns与in turn。

14、by chance与by any chance。

15、but for与but that。

我们的论坛,还有更多b打头的英文单词详解。希望我们今天的努力,成就您明日的辉煌。

高考英语必会词汇精讲系列-N 10

j

1、job, labour, work这一组名词都表示“工作”。

job指具体的“工作,职业”,特别是指有报酬的工作。它是可数名词。如:he has a good job in a bank.他在银行有一份很好的工作。they were paid according to the number of jobs they completed.他们是按劳计酬的。

labour指艰苦的劳动,尤指繁重的体力劳动。当用来指脑力劳动时,强调绞尽脑汁的艰辛。它可作可数名词及不可数名词。如:physical labour(体力劳动), mental labour(脑力劳动),hard labour(苦役),the fruit of one's labours (劳动果实)。

work是含义极广的常用词,它可指任何一种工作,包括体力和脑力劳动。作“工作”解的work是不可数名词,没有复数形式。当作可数名词时,work指“(文学艺术)作品,著作”等;works则指“工厂”,单复数为同一种形式。如:that is not easy work.那不是一件容易的工作。what a great work of art!多好的一件艺术作品呀。his complete works have been reprinted.他的著作全集已经被发表了。it takes a lot of work to build an iron works.要建造一家制铁厂需要花许多工夫。

2、join, join in, take part in这一组词都有“参加”的意思。

join多指加入组织,团体,党派等,有作为其中的一个成员的含义。join后也可接人,表示和某人一起参加某活动。如:it's two years since he joined the club.他参加这个俱乐部已两年了。he joined the army in 1945 and joined the communist party next year. 他于一九四五年参军,并在第二年入党。will you join us?跟我们一起来,好吗?

join in指参加某项游戏,活动,讨论等,in为介词或副词。此短语常用于join sb. in...结构,in后可接名词或动名词,介词in短语有时可以省去。如:do join us (in the game).跟我们一起做游戏吧。they joined me in congratulating you.他们与我一道向你表示祝贺。let's join in and give them a warm welcome.让我们也一起给他们以热烈的欢迎。the whole crowd joined in singing the popular song.整个人群都唱起了这首流行歌曲。

take part in多指参加和参与群众性的活动、运动、会议及战争等,含有以主人翁的态度加入其中并发挥一定作用的意思。如:the union took an active part in the strike.工会在这次罢工中发挥了积极的作用。they took a leading part in the efforts to strengthen the national defense. 他们在加强国防力量方面出了很大力。he took part in the students' movement in the early forties. 在四十年代初,他参加了学生运动。the swiss didn't take part in the two world wars. 瑞典没有参加两次世界大战。

3、journey, tour, trip, travel这一组词都表示“旅行”。

journey一般指在陆地上进行的长途旅行,常表示所花的时间及所走的路程都相当长,而且有最终不一定要回到原出发地的含义,常蕴涵辛苦的意味。有时它也被用来指海上与空中的旅行。如:he decided to make the journey to dunhuang, and it was rather difficult. 他决定去敦煌旅游,但旅途会很艰难。life is a long journey from birth to death. 从出生到死亡,人生是一个漫长的旅程。

tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,距离可长可短,常用来指观光与商业旅行等。如:she made a tour of korea.她去韩国旅行了一次。he has gone on a walking tour.他去参加了步行旅游。

trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如因公出差及游览度假等,它可指海陆空的旅行,并往往暗示会回到原出发地。在比较通俗的用法中,常可代替journey表示长途旅行。如:i am going to make a trip to hangzhou.我准备去杭州旅游。he took several trips to shanghai in .在一九九七年,他去了几次上海。

travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤指到国外的旅行,它无定向的目的地,有到各地游历的意味。它表示具体的旅行时常用复数形式。作不可数名词时,常被用来泛指旅行这一行为。如:did you go to santiago during your travels?这次旅行你去了圣地亚哥了没有?travelling through thick forests is dangerous.在茂密的森林中穿梭是很危险的。

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