英语涉及很多语法知识点,特别在高考中有很多经常会考到,那么高考英语知识点都有哪些呢?本文是敬业的小编惊云帮大家收集的2篇双管齐下play的相关文章,欢迎参考。
一、名词:
1.特殊名词的复数:
child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice,sheep-sheep, species-species, stomach-stomachs, deer-deer, goose-geese,ox-oxen, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, phenomenon-phenomena, means-means,series-series, crisis-crises, basis-bases, German-Germans, Australian-Australians
2.不可数名词:
advice, baggage, equipment, information, luggage, furniture, fun, weather,knowledge, jewelry, progress, traffic
3.可数不可数均可,但意思不同:
arm手臂,arms武器; good好处,goods货物; green绿色, greens蔬菜; paper纸, papers论文; sand沙, sands沙滩; time时间, times时代; water水,waters水域; wood木材, woods森林; work工作, works著作; experience经验, experiences经历; room空间, rooms房间; exercise锻炼, exercises 练习
4.只有复数形式的名词:
trousers, clothes, socks, shorts, goods, thanks,congratulations, belongings, scissors, glasses, wages工资;riches财富;surroundings环境;ashes灰尘;compasses圆规
5.复数形式,单数意思的名词:
plastics, news, politics, physics, mathematics
6.复合名词的复数形式:
girl-friends, boy-students, women-teachers, men-workers, passers-by,go-betweens, grown-ups
7.谓语动词用复数的名词:
police,cattle, clothes, goods
8.抽象名词具体化为可数名词:
surprise, cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, worry, honor, must,difficulty, youth, beauty, wonder, danger, interest
9.辅音字母+o结尾复数加-es的名词:
tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, hero-heroes
10.变“f”或“fe”为“v”之后再加-es为复数形式的名词:
wife-wives, life-lives, knife-knives, wolf-wolves, self-selves,leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves, thief- thieves
11.特殊注意的名词:
people (民族,人); nature (自然,特性); man(男人,人类),youth (年轻人,青年男子,青春)
12.特殊注意的搭配:
congratulations祝贺; have words with sb. 同某人吵架; in high spirits以很高热情地; give one’s regards to sb.向某人问候; in rags衣衫破烂; It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事
二、动词时态和语态:
1.常考动词时态:
(1)三个一般:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时;
(2)三个现在:现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时;
(3)三个过去:过去进行时、过去完成时,过去完成进行时。
2.现在进行时与频度副词
always, all the time, forever, constantly, continuously等词连用,往往表赞扬、埋怨、气愤或厌恶等情绪。He is always thinking of his study.(称赞) He is always making the same mistakes.(批评)
3.某些表动向和起始的动词
begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart,open, close, sail等,当其表一个按计划、安排下必将进行的动作或出现的状态时(这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语)要用一般现在时代替将来时。I leave for Dalian next Sunday.
4.在时间、真实条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时,(有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时,显得更确定)
When he comes back, we'll go shopping together.
5.不能用被动语态的几种情况
(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
(2)表示状态的动词last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean,last, look like, consist of等不能用于被动语态中。
(3)表示归属的动词如have, own, belong to等不能用于被动语态之中。
(4)表示“希望、意图”的动词如wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等不能用于被动语态之中。
(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。
(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等时,谓语动词不用被动语态。
6.主动形式表被动意义
(1)当feel, look, smell, taste, sound, remain 等后面接形容词时。
(2)当break, burn, cook, cut, drive, eat, iron, keep,play, sell, last, open, shut, wear, wash, write, translate, print, run, read,operate 等词带状语修饰语 well, easily, poorly 等时。
(3)当动词begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, run等表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
(4)当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out等表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
(5)want, require, need,deserve后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
(6)be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。
(7)在“be+形容词+to do”中,(常用于此结构的形容词有:difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, nice,bitter, fit, dangerous, light, heavy, important等)不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动表被动。
(8)某些不定式:to blame, to seek, to let, to rent等与be连用时 The house is to let.这房子要出租。
(9)常见的不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语有:fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice,watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from,happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
7.被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况
(1)be seated 坐着。如:He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on abench.)坐在凳子上。
(2)be hidden 躲藏。如:He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himselfbehind the door.) 他藏在门后。
(3)be lost 迷路。如:Unsaved changes will be lost. 未保存的更改将丢失。
(4)be drunk 喝醉。如:He must be drunk, or else he is mad. 他准是醉了,不然就是疯了。
(5)be dressed 穿着。如:The girl was dressed in a red short skirt. 那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
注意:be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), befinished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等都属于被动形式表示主动意义的情况。
8.主动变被动时,宾补成主补,作补语的不定式前需用to。
如: He was made to work all day long(by the boss).
9.短语动词变被动语态时,勿丢掉后面的介词。
如:The children were taken good care of (by her).
Yourpronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
10.情态动词和be going to, be to, be sure to, used to, have to, had better 等结构变被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be+过去分词。
11.表被动意义的介词短语
under examination在审查中, under discussion在讨论中, under repair维修中, beyond belief难以置信, beyond one’s control失控, beyond one’s reach鞭长莫及/够不着, for sale出售, for rent出租, in print印刷中, in sight看得见, in use在使用中, out of control控制不了, out of fashion不流行, on sale销售中, on show在展出中, in the charge of受制于, under the leadership of在……的领导下等。
12.“with +宾语+不定式”结构中,不定式用主动式表被动。
With nothing to do, I feel bored.
三、非谓语动词
1.非谓语动词的各种形式:
一般式 | 完成式 | 进行式 | ||
不 定 式 | 主动 | to do | to have done | to be doing |
被动 | to be done | to have been done | to have been doing | |
ing 形 式 | 主动 | doing | having done | |
被动 | being done | having been done | ||
过去分词 | 被动 | done |
2.非谓语动词的否定形式: 在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
3.非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构:for / of sb. to do sth.
动名词复合结构:代词宾格或名词所有格+doing (-ing形式作主语时,用代词主格或名词所有格+doing)
分词独立结构:代词主格或名词+doing /done(句中作状语表时间、原因、伴随、让步、方式等)
4.非谓语动词的做题步骤
(1)判定是否用非谓语形式。方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词;
(2)找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语;
(3)判断主被动关系。方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系;
(4)判断时间关系。方法:分析句子,看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前且表被动关系常用 done; 之后且表主动关系常用to do; 同时且表主动关系常用doing.
5.不定式符号to 的保留问题
有时为了避免重复,可以用to 来代替前面的不定式,这种情况出现在下列动词之后:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget,want, try;或出现在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有:be, have, have been这些词要保留。
6.在there be 结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成,则用被动形式。
如:There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to dothe work.)
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.)
注意:下面两个句子的含义的不同
There is nothing to do. (无事可做,感到十分乏味。)
There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。)
7.动名词作主语
动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。
It is / was no use / good + doing sth.
It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.
It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.
如:It is / was useless 如:It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
注意:若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致如:Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.眼见为实。
8.分词作状语
分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。
如:Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间)
Be careful while / when crossing thestreet. (时间)
Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)
Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)
The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)
9.独立成分
有些分词短语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有,Generally speaking … 一般说来; Frankly speaking … 坦白地说; Judging from … 根据……来判断; Considering … 考虑到……; To tell you the truth … 说实话;
10.不定式作表语
在seem / appear (似乎,好像), prove/ turn out (被证明是), remain (仍然是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语。如:He seemed (to be ) very happy.
11.动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。
如: We could do nothing but / other than wait.
We have no choice but to wait.
I can’t choose but laugh.
四、形容词
1.不规则形容词与副词:
far, late, old, bad, ill, many, much, good, well,little
2.只修饰可数名词的有:few, a few, many, a great/good many, a large numberof…
3.只修饰不可数名词的有:
little, a little, much, a large amount of, agreat/good deal of…
4.可数不可数都可修饰的有:a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of,large quantities of
5.be very important= be of great importance
6.只作表语的形容词:
abroad国外的, afraid害怕的, ahead向前的, alike相似的, alive在世的, asleep睡着的, awake醒着的, fond喜欢的
7.习惯后置的形容词:
enough充足的, included包括的, present出席的, left剩下的, involved有关的, abroad国外的, afraid害怕的, ahead向前的, alike相似的, alive在世的, asleep睡着的, awake醒着的, deep深的, long长的, high高的, thick厚的, old老的, thin薄的, wide宽的, narrow窄的, junior年少的, senior年长的
8.形似副词的形容词
friendly, manly, womanly, brotherly, sisterly, wifely, comradely, husbandly,timely, hourly, daily, weekly, yearly, monthly, quarterly, early, silly, ugly,lovely, likely, lively, lonely, sickly, homely, worldly
五、副词
1.有无-ly意思不同的副词
wide宽的, widely广泛地; deep深的, deeply深刻地; high高的, highly高度地; direct直接地, directly立刻; close亲近的, closely紧密地; near附近, nearly几乎; hard难, hardly几乎不; most大多数, mostly 主要地; dear可爱, dearly非常; late迟, lately最近; bad坏, badly非常; low低的, lowly卑贱地; fine很好地, finely细微地; easy小心, easily容易地; sharp恰好, sharply急剧地; pretty相当, prettily漂亮地
2.形容词变副词时的拼写变化
particular-particularly特别的, beautiful-beautifully美丽的, possible-possibly可能的, true-truly真实的, full-fully满的, scientific-scientifically科学的, easy-easily容易的, good-well好的
3.无比较等级的形容词或副词
alive, asleep, aloud, awake, foreign, main, final, junior, complete,double, square, correct, enough, fearless, alone, total, empty, right, wrong,impossible, favourite, excellent, last, perfect, whole, superior (优越), inferior(较劣的), unique(唯一的), wooden(木制的) , senior(高级的)
六、代词
1.不定代词:
all, any,none, both, either, neither; other, another; some, any; little, few; something,anything, nothing, somebody,one, anybody/one, nobody, no one等
2.替代词:
it,one,ones, that, those
3.习惯接oneself的动词:
abandon放弃, absent...from缺席, amuse娱乐, apply应用, carry携带, commit提交, concern关注, conduct表现, content使满足, devote奉献, dress穿衣, enjoy享受, excuse借口, feel感觉, forget忘记, help帮助, hurt伤害, lose…in使沉溺于, pride upon以自豪, shave刮胡子, suggest建议, value...on重视…
4.相互代词:each other, one another
5.指示代词:this, that, these, those, such, same
6.复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时,形容词须放在它们的后面。
如:nothing wrong没有毛病
7.whatever, whoever,whichever等词可引导名词性从句,也可引导表示让步的状语从句。
8.this和that有时作状语用,表示"程度",意谓"这么"和"那么"。如:this thick这么厚, that much那么多
9.少数前有冠词的代词。
the other, the others, a few, a little
10.常用于“疑问词+不定式”结构的动词
advise建议, answer回答, ask问, beg乞求, consider考虑, convince说服, decide决定, discover发现, doubt怀疑, explain解释, find找到, forget忘记, guess猜, hear听到, imagine想象, know知道, learn学习, persuade说服, pray祈祷, promise承诺, remember记得, remind提醒, see看到, show显示, suggest建议, teach教, tell告诉, think认为, understand理解, want想要, warn警告, wire拍电报, write写, wonder想知道
七、从句
1.名词性从句:
当从句的结构与意义都完整,说话人语气坚定用that,有疑问用whether/if
当从句的结构完整,意义不完整,缺状语用where,when,why,how, 缺定语用whose或which
当从句的结构不完整,缺主宾表,说事用what,说人用who, whom
2.定语从句:
当从句的结构不完整,缺主宾表,说事用that /which,说人用that/who/whom
当从句的结构完整,意义不完整,缺状语用where(in/on+which), when(in/on/at/during+which), why(for+which)
当从句的结构不完整,缺定语用whose(=of which/whom +the+n. = the+n.+of which/whom)
3、状语从句:
时间状语 when, whenever, while, as,before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the second, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly
地点状语 where, wherever
原因状语 because, as, since, now that
条件状语 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that
目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that
结果状语 so…that, such…that
比较状语 than, as…as, not so/as…as, themore…the more
方式状语 as if, as though, as
让步状语 though, although, even if,even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever
听力
材料生活化,主要考“what”
听力材料具备口语化、生活化、交际性的特点,因此在备考时要选择这方面的听力材料,少听议论类、科普类文章。听力问题一般为特殊疑问句,主要为what类,另外where、who、why也各占一定比例,主要考查范围是文章主旨大意、具体事实信息和说话人的观点、意图。
标准试题的选项应具有干扰性或者启发性,绝对不会出现学生不听磁带,凭常识就可选择正确答案的题目。
单项选择
抓住考点,少做无用功
动词及动词短语运用、四种基本时态、情态动词、定语从句、情景交际是重点,形容词、副词的比较级和最高级以及词性间的转化、连接副词、关联词、介词也考,但量不大。冠词、代词、句型和惯用法是考查的新趋势,名词逐渐让位于代词纳入冠词中进行参照考查。
主谓一致、非谓语动词、倒装、强调和疑问尾句等重难点,实际考查的只是最基本的东西,且分值不大,因此不必花太多力气,做无用功。
单项选择主要还是考查考生的词汇识别、辨析能力、文化差异的感受能力和语言运用能力,语法上注重动词问题和一定的覆盖面。
虽然高考淡化了语法,但教师应为学生建立一个完整的语法体� 所设置题目应注重能力定位、交际定位和语篇定位(大语境和小语境),注意题干的有效性,干扰性和启发性。
完形填空
重记叙性文体,可能加考名词
完形填空一般会选择记叙性文体,让考生感觉平和,有人物、情节发展等线索可循。如果是议论、科普或者说明文,难度会很大,所以备考时少用记叙性以外的文体训练。
特别要注意的是,高考所选的文章是以英语为母语的人写的,虽然会根据考生词汇量和设题需适当改写,但会保持语言地道、准确和独立成篇的完整性和文气贯通,所以千万不要用中国人写的英语文章作完形填空训练。
命题原则上,首句不会挖空,同一题的选项性质一致,试题考点分布均衡,上下文中直接找到答案的情况不会出现,选项具有有效性和干扰性。
考查内容上,词汇的意义、辨析、用法和对上下文阅读、整体理解和文化感受是难点。单选若没有考名词,完形填空很有可能补充。
阅读理解题材体裁丰富多样,以深层次理解为主
六大设题模式如下:a.理解主旨要义或者文章的话题;b.理解文中具体信息;c.根据上下文推测生词的词义;d.根据文中的信息,作出判断推理;e.理解文章的基本结构;f.理解作者的意图和基本态度。
短文改错多写周记,学生互改多练
短文改错的设疑方式有小词(如a、an、the)漏掉、多词、换词和正确这四种。
时态上主要考查现在时和过去时,考完成时、进行时很少。此外,应注意非谓语形式,形容词与副词的极少的比较级形式。
短文改错一直得分不高,因为文章是中国人自己写的,如同己出。学生由于太熟悉,像看自己的文章,很难发现问题,方法是让学生多写周记,自己互相改作文进行训练。
书面表达议论性方向发展,地方特色即将凸显
书面表达并非实质性作文,它无需修辞、发散、升华、动情,仅具有作文的三个最原始的要求:切题,达意,逻辑。
目前书面表达试题主要是采用短文写作形式,从要求上来讲是应用文体(信、日记之类),从实质上讲却是叙事性质、陈说性质、议论性质和混合性质(陈说+议论性质或叙事+议论性质)等写作形式。
应用文体较适于控制性与导引性作文,便于老师评卷时做到一定程度上的准确与公正。今后在提示方面应逐步过渡到采用英语提示而不再是汉语提示或说明。高考英语议论文的写作是中学英语教学与测试发展的必然趋势。
书面表达的基本技能:整理思路;组织素材;规划文章结构;列出提纲;起草文章;组织语言;遣词造句;修改文章;正确使用标点符号和字母大小写。
书面表达题应该怎样设计?提供给考生的模拟情景需要真实可信;模拟情景应符合考生的年龄特点,应尽量是考生曾经历过或将会经历的事情;不应该考查考生“写作”以外的能力;要求写作内容的难度应与试卷其他部分的难度基本持平;命题者将试题命制完毕后,应自己写出一份可能性的答案,以检查考生是否可以用已掌握的知识(词汇、语法、一般表达法等)写出所要求词量的短文。
考虑到全国题的影响力,陈说性质和混合性质的文章写作仍将是未来一段时间各地使用的主流模式。议论性质的文章写作模式也必然是未来高考的书面表达试题的主流模式。
提醒
有些笔在答题卡上渗透得很厉害,直接影响学生答题的情绪和阅卷老师的评卷,考生一定要用黑色笔书写。保证在屏幕上阅卷老师看得清楚。
从对高考英语书面表达考生错误盘点中可以发现,除了语法、句法、词法、中式英语的传统性错误之外,书写是一大问题,表现为快笔之误,书写不当,缺笔,多划,添减字母,胡乱大小写、不该大写时大写,该大写时不大写等,在这方面失分十分可惜,因此广大考生一定要在基本功方面加强。