第3部分：概况大意与完成句子
First Image-recognitions software
1) Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.
2)The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm(运算法则)for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel(像素)data in images and potentially video―rather than just text―to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned(收集)from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions(图片说明),making for more accurate document search results.
3)“Over the last 30 years,” says Associate Professor Korenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study,” the web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia datastet, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures of videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately get the gist(主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engine, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Wed pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search.”
4)The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system―a type of artificialintelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed― that extracts semantic(语义的)information from pixels of photos in Web pages. This informationg is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries(查询)on a database of 50 million Wed pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found tht this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.
23. Paragraph 1 _____
24. Paragraph 2 _____
25. Paragraph 3 _____
26 Paragraph 4 _____
A. Popularity of the new system
B. Publication of the new discovery
C .Function of the new system
D. Artificial intelligence software created
E. Problems of the existing search engines
F .Improvement in document retrieval
27. The new system does document retrieval by _____.
28. The new system is expected to improve precision in _____.
29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _____.
30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the _____.
A. information in images
B. current popular search engines
C. using photos
D. machine vision systems
E. document search
F. description of the HTML page
41.It can be inferred from the passage 1 that managers
A.were not qualified
B.disliked “suggestion boxes”
C.seldom obtained worker’s opinions
D.never consulted the labor force
42.In recent years, many management specialists have been arguing that workers
A.are no longer sellers of the products
B.are less affected by company decisions than before
C.are able to make final decisions for the company
D.should have a way in management of the company
43.The word “rank and file” paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A.ordinary
B.senior
C.intelligent
D.capable
44.According to the passage, what happened between 1980 and 1985?
A.Managers consulted workers before closing a plant.
B.Workers did not make necessary concessions
C.About five million workers were laid off without advance notice.
D.Many companies were closed because of strikes.
45.If not given a voice in managerial decision making workers
A.cannot get a share in the company’s profits
B.can still get bonuses for efficiency and productivity
C.may lack the incentive to increase their productivity
D.will not have the opportunity to purchase the plant.
Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead.
“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition(营养不良)and poverty.” he said.
Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation(贫瘠化)and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world’s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world’s population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there’ll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in , similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia.
The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.
He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs(有用的副产品)for Mexico, China or India.
“Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently.” Dr. Fischer said.
Yields of rice, wheat ad maize(玉米)havegrown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you’re going to have to increase yield.” Dr. Fischer said.
36. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Shortage of food supplies.
B. Development of agricultural technologies.
C. Impact of agricultural research.
D. Expectation of population growth.
37. Which of the following statements is true about the world’s agricultural research funding?
A. It is increasing among developed countries.
B. It is decreasing worldwide.
C. Less is demanded from developing countries.
D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.
38. What is the picture of Asia’s food supplies in the first 25 years?
A. Food shortage will not be a problem
B. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.
C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.
D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.
39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies? Dr Fischer
A. They are costly.
B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.
C. Their application is limited.
D. They have to be applied locally.
40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.
A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities.
B. crop production is growing faster in developing countries.
C. maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.
D. technologies improving maize production have been well developed.
职称英语综合B押题
一、阅读判断
第8篇：What Is a Dream?(B级)
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.
Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that
something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
词汇：
psychologist n.心理学家 psychiatrist n.精神病学家(医生)
Austrian adj.奥地利的 gender n.性别
注释：
1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德。费洛伊德(1856-1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家，
职称英语综合B押题
，
精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的`释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等
2.Carl Jung:卡尔。荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人
3.For example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦与男人则不同。
练习：
1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6. Men and women dream about different things. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。.
2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。
3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4.C文中没有提及。
When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.
Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.
Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.
Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.
Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as “shade grown” and “bird friendly.” Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.
B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.
C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.
D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.
32. The function of the word “Traditionally” in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.
A. the positive effects of coffee.
B. a change of coffee growth.
C. something that is the most important.
D. how coffee production used to be.
33.What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?
A. More insects.
B. Better quality coffee.
C. Larger farms.
D. Higher profits.
34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?
A. They buy more land from other farmers.
B. They cut down trees.
C. They move to another country.
D. They turn grassland into farmland.
35.The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____ full sun
A. insects.
B. air.
C. birds
D. humans
c. female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
d. they may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
39. which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
a. they don’t run very quickly.
b. they defend their territory from other badgers.
c. they hunt over a very large area.
d. they are more aggressive than females.
40. what happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
a. they became less aggressive towards other creatures.
b. they lost interest in people.
c. they started eating more.
d. other animals started working with them.
第三篇
why so many children
in many of the developing countries in africa and asia, the population is growing fast. the reason for this is simple: women in these countries have a high birth rate---from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman. the majority of these women are poor, without the food or resources to care for their families. why do they have so many children? why don't they limit the size of their families? the answer may be that they often have no choice. there are several reasons for this.
one reason is economic. in a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age. in an industrial economy, the situation is different. many children do not help a family;instead, they are an expense. thus, industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. this was the case in italy, which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. in the early part of the twentieth century, italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. after world war ii, italy’s economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. by the end of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1.3 children per woman, the world's lowest.
however, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. saudi arabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. nevertheless, it also has a very high birth rate (7.0). mexico and indonesia, on the other hand, are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recently reduced their population growth.
clearly, other factors are involved. the most important of these is the condition of women. a high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women. this would explain the high birth rate of saudi arabia. there, the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. on the other hand, the improved condition of women in mexico, thailand, and indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.
another key factor in the birth rate is birth contro1. women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. in countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down. this is the case in singapore, sri lanka, and india, as well as in indonesia, thailand, mexico, and brazil. in these countries, women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.
these trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions. it can be effective if it aims to help women and meet their needs. only then, in fact, does it have any real chance of success.
41. in a traditional agricultural economy, a large family
a. can be an advantage.
b. may limit income.
c. isn't necessary.
d. is expensive.
42. when countries become industrialized,
a. families often become larger.
b. the birth rate generally goes down.
c. women usually decide not have a family.
d. the population generally grows rapidly.
43. according to this passage, italy today is an example of an
a. agricultural country with a high birth rate.
b. agricultural country with a low birth rate.
c. industrialized country with a low birth rate.
d. industrialized country with a high birth rate.
44. saudi arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that
a. the most important factor influencing birth rate is the economy.
b. factors other than the economy influence birth rate.
c. women who have a high income usually have few children.
d. the birth rate depends on per capita income.
5. in mexico, thailand, and indonesia, the government
，
as if 是“好像……一样；仿佛”，例如：He treated me as if I were his son. 他待我如同待他的儿子一样。
4. the.4.3-magnitude quake:里氏4.3级地震
5. English Channel:英吉利海峡
6. Dover:多佛尔[英格兰东南部港口城市]
7. Channel Tunnel:海峡隧道。Channel Tunnel (常简称为Chunnel)是连接英法两国的海峡隧道。
8. Canterbury:坎特伯雷[英格兰东南部城市，中世纪时曾是宗教朝圣圣地]
9. it was getting heavier and heavier:爆裂声越来越响
10. Birmingham:伯明翰[英格兰中部城市]
11. the Richter scale:里氏震级表。美国地震学家 Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985)于1935年制定了地震震级表。
12. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain，including one in1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.英国地质勘测所的科学家 Roger Musson 说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。
13. a matter of time:时间问题。又如： It's not a matter of money. 这个不是钱的问题。
练习：
1. During the April 28 earthquake，the whole England was left without power.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2. The Channel Tunnel was closed for 10 hours after the earthquake occurred.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
3. It was reported that one lady had got her head and neck injured，but not seriously.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4. France and several other European countries sent their medical teams to work side by side with the British doctors.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5. The country's strongest earthquake took place in London in 1580.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6. Musson predicted that another earthquake would occur in southeast England sooner or later.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7. It can be inferred from the passage that England is rarely hit by high magnitude earthquakes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1. B 题句说4月28日的地震致使全英格兰都停电，与短文第一段第一句表达的内容不符。短文说地震殃及英格兰东南部的肯特郡部分地区，电力中断，几千名居民无电可用。所以，题句是错误的，答案为B。
2. C 本题所说的意思是：地震发生后，海峡隧道关闭了10小时。题句表达的内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
3. A 题句的。意思是：地震中一个妇女的头部和颈部受了点轻伤。题句表达的意思与第一段最后一句表达的内容相符。所以选项A是答案。
4. C 题句表达的意思是：法国和其他几个欧洲国家派遣他们的医疗队去英国与当地的医生并肩工作。这一内容短文中找不到，故答案为C。
5. B 题句所说的英国最强烈的地震于1580年发生在伦敦，这与短文表述的事实不符。短文第七段第一句明白无误地说，英国最强烈的地震于1931年发生在北海。题句表达的信息是错误的，故答案为B。
6. A 题句说Masson预言在英格兰东南部迟早将发生另一次地震。这一说法与短文最后一段第三句所表达的意思相符。所以答案是A。
7. A 短文第六段第一句说，全球每年发生强度为里氏4级左右的地震有几千次，但是这种中等强度的地震在英格兰很少发生。据此，读者可以容易地推断出，高震级的地震在英格兰就更少见了。
When I was in my teens(十几岁)and 20s,hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers (51) me all over Europe, North America, Asia and southern Africa. Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality (52) the road.
Not only did you find out much more about a country than (53) traveling by train or plane, but also there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night. Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture. It has books and songs about it. So what has happened to (54) ?
A few years ago, I asked the same question about hitchhiking in a column on a newspaper. (55) of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking.
If there is a hitchhikers (56) it must be Iran, came one reply. Rural Ireland was recommended as a friendly place for hitchhiking, (57) was Quebec, Canada-if you dont mind being berated(严厉指责)for not speaking French.
But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in many parts of the world, the (58) feeling was that throughout much of the west it was doomed(消亡). With so much news about crime in the media, people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger .But do we (59) to be so wary both to hitchhike and to give a lift?
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