各位亲爱的朋友，我是旅行社导游小王，首先我代表旅行社欢迎大家!今天我们将要参观的景点是十三陵，它是著名的一个皇帝陵墓群，里面涉及到丰富的历史知识，所以请大家仔细聆听导游词介绍。
明十三陵是世界上埋葬皇帝最多、保存最完整的古代皇帝陵墓群，陵区内葬的是明朝的十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后及诸多嫔妃、太子和公主等。好了，说到这里可能大家有疑问了，明朝总共十六位皇帝呀，为什么是十三陵呢?请听导游词讲解。是这样的，明朝开国时定都南京，所以皇帝朱元璋葬在南京，而他的孙子朱允炆被朱棣夺去皇位之后，不知所踪，也无法建陵。还有后来的景泰皇帝，他与兄弟争夺皇位，最后被降级为王，失去了资格。所以今天的十三陵里面埋葬的只有十三位皇帝。大家了解了吗?
各位现在往这边看——这是十三陵的标志性建筑物石牌坊，至今已有四百多年历史了。现在往前看，这是十三陵的正门——大宫门，皇帝每次祭陵就要在大宫门前下马进入。
好了，我们面前的就是长陵了。长陵是朱棣和徐皇后的陵墓，也是最大、年代最久的陵墓。接着看到的是定陵，我们进定陵地宫看一看。这地宫总面积为1195平方米，分为前、中、后、左、右五个大殿。现在我们看到的就是地宫的精华部分了，这些全部都是皇帝生前的用品，珍贵奢侈，大家都叹为观止了吧!
接下来大家自由活动，下午5点前集合回去。有谁还想更仔细看看导游词的吗?好了，感谢大家，祝大家有愉快的一天!
各位朋友，现在我为大家介绍一下定陵，定陵是十三陵中唯一打开地宫的陵，它是明朝第十三位皇帝朱翊钧和他的两位皇孝端和孝靖的合葬陵，位于天寿山的大峪山前，建成于公元1590年。
朱翊钧年号万历，意思是要做一万年的皇帝，虽然没有实现，但也创下了明朝皇帝的一项记录，即在位年数最长的皇帝。万历皇帝10岁继位，22岁就开始为自己修陵，建地宫。整个工程历时六年，耗银八百多万两。他在位48年，几乎不理朝政，终日沉缅于后宫，他好饮酒，经常酒醉杀人，死后葬在了定陵。
万历皇帝有两个皇后，孝端皇后和孝靖皇后。孝靖皇后死时只是一个贵妃，按明朝规定，皇贵妃死后不能入地宫，于是葬在了其它地方。皇太子继位后，追封孝靖为皇太后。孝端皇后和万历皇帝去世后，有将孝靖皇后迁葬到地宫。所以地宫中葬有一帝二后。定陵的地下宫殿于1957年被打开，出土文物3000余件，举世轰动。
目前，定陵已成为全国重点风景名胜区，4A级景点，每天都有来自世界各地的旅游者前来参观。
整个陵园原来由陵门、陵恩门、陵恩殿、明楼、宝城、宝顶及明楼前的左右配殿组成。历经近520xx年的苍桑，原来的陵恩门及陵恩殿已毁，仅存基座。由于定陵的明楼为石质，不怕火烧、故至今保存完好。现在我们先来看一看陵恩门及陵恩殿遗址。各位，现在我们所站的位置即为定陵陵恩殿的遗址，现在还可以看到当年大殿的柱础。陵恩殿是用于祭祀的大殿，原来大殿内供有皇帝和皇后的牌位。定陵的陵恩门及陵恩殿在清兵入关时曾被焚毁，后来乾隆皇帝为了拢络汉人，重新修缮十三陵，但大多缩小了规模。据说乾隆使用了偷梁换柱的方法，把十三陵原来的粗大木料等运往清西陵及清东陵，用小型木料重修十三陵，所以要缩小规制，至今民间仍流传着“乾隆爷、心不公、拆大改小十三陵”的说法。
前面东西两个配殿内是十三陵出土文物展，第一陈列室主要展出了皇帝棺椁中出土的文物，包括谥宝、谥册、金冠、玉带、金银器皿、丝织品等。第二陈列室主要展出自两位皇后的棺椁中出土的文物，随葬品，包括凤冠、头饰、宝石及其它生前使用过的生活用品，现在各位可以免费参观，请不要在展室内拍照，摄像，谢谢大家的合作，咱们十分钟后在明楼前集合。
(在明楼下)
各位请看，这就是定陵的明楼，明楼是一个陵的标志性建筑，也是每个陵的最高建筑，为什么定陵的明楼能保存如此完好呢?刚才我们已经说了，这座明楼看起来斗、拱、梁、枋俱全，再加上油漆彩绘象是木结构的，但实际上完全是石制的，故不怕火烧，不怕日晒雨淋，所以保存相当完好。明楼的两侧连接环绕着周长800米的围墙，它叫宝城，在宝城的正中的高大土丘被称为宝顶，在宝顶下方即是地宫了。现在，请各位随我上宝城，我给大家讲一讲定陵发掘的经过。各位朋友，请到这里来，大家肯定很关心当年发掘定陵地宫的情况，这得从1955年说起。当时北京市委的几位领导及我国著名的学者吴晗、郭沫若、沈雁冰等人联合上书国务院，建议发掘明陵，以研究明史。经周总理的批示后，成立了发掘委员会，发掘队长是年仅29岁的赵其昌。发掘工作于1956年5月正式开始。
各位请看!发掘队首先从宝城西侧了一条探沟。很遗憾，一无所获。后来又挖了一条更长，更宽的探沟，当挖到7.5米的时候，发现了一块小石碑，上刻“此石至金刚墙前皮十六丈，深三丈五尺”的字样。发掘队按小石碑提供的线索，在正对明楼的中轴线上又挖了第三条探沟。于1957年5月在隧道的尽头发现了金刚墙。拆开金刚墙进入与地宫的过渡的隧道券，当然大家兴奋极了，一年的汗水和心血终于有了回报。突然，人们一片沉寂，怎么了?原来呀，在大家面前赫然出现两扇巨大的坚闭的汉白玉石门。每扇石门高有三米三，宽有一米八，有四吨重，门上有青铜门梁，用人力无法推开。更糟的是，人们发现在石门的背后还有一块长条小石碑似的“顶门杠”，死死地顶在门后，怎么办?危难之处总会有人显身手。忽然，有人说：“让我来试试!”大家回头一看，哟!一个小伙子从人群中走出来。信不信由你，他只用了一根木条及一些铁丝，不到5分钟便打开了大门，真神了!就这样，这座沉睡了337年的地宫被打开了，那么到底那位年轻人是怎么打开地宫大门的，地宫内有什么呢?好!现在我们就去揭开地宫秘密。
现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。
明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”，其实就是吉祥的土地，准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，开始他们选在了口外的屠家营，可是皇帝姓朱，与猪同音，犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下，可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”，这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”，有与“宴驾”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年，才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区，在周围有蟒山，虎峪，龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是东青龙，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，还有温榆河经过这里，真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后，就开始修建了长陵，经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝，也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡，这200多年间，明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，还有许多的妃子，太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来，在清兵入关以后，为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉，所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候，为了笼络汉人，就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后，对这里进行了大规模的开发，并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单，明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京，所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝，因为被朱棣夺取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候，他曾经被宦官王振怂恿，率军亲征，后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏，这个事件称为“土木之变”，一国不能无君，所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”，所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓，他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来，大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。
现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊，就是陵区的标志，是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼，高有14米，宽达到了28.86米，是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊，上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案，反映了皇家建筑的特点。
大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿，也叫大红门。门是南向的，分三洞，在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑，因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行，否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区，不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方，严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿，也就走进了贯穿陵园南北，能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道，明朝的神道，也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的，其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方，全长有7公里。
我们一边走着，就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑，里边有赑屃驮着巨碑，这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文，有3000多字，而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》，里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费，西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。
再往前走，就可以看到一座棂星门，也叫龙凤门，取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上，有三个火焰宝珠，所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的，来回顾一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宫门，现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭，石象生，过了龙凤门，还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北，全长共7公里的神道。
说到长陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子，当朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖难为名，从北平发兵攻下南京，并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位，改年号为永乐，这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战，并且在1420xx年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间，国库充实，政局稳定，而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书，派郑和七下西洋，发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后，也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性，她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷，中轴线由陵恩门，陵恩殿，明楼，宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院，第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门，可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭，但当时上面都没有文字，现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中，在1412，明永乐十四年建成，是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间，进深五间，是重檐庑殿顶的建筑，殿内有60根楠木柱，中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上，是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛，现在已经没有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像，大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙，而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部，这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。
咱们从殿后的门一出来，就到达了第三进院落，每座陵墓的标志——明楼就在这里。大家可以看到这里也有一个碑亭，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵，因为皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂红色。
由于长陵的地宫没有发掘，所以我们在长陵的游览就先告一段落。不过大家不用着急，接下来我们将要去的定陵，就可以让大家参观到古代皇帝的地下宫殿了。
定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗万历朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的为人和永乐皇帝朱棣可以说成为了鲜明的对比。他非常贪婪懒惰，在他九岁即位的时候，由于有大臣张居正的辅佐，国家发展的还算比较稳定，可是后来张居正病逝，他便利用这个机会为自己选择了陵地，花费了800万两白银，用了六年时间，建了工程质量最好的定陵，而他居然因为陵寝修建的非常满意，而在地宫当中举行了盛大的宴会，真实一位让人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不仅如此，在他在位的48年当中，竟然有20xx年不理朝政，导致国家处于瘫痪状态。后人评论，其实明朝灭亡的命运，在万历皇帝朱翊钧时就已经成为定局了。他有两位皇后，其实在开始的时候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是与他有了一个男孩，就是后来的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子贵，她就被封为贵妃。但是她比朱翊钧早死了九年，并没有葬在定陵里，直到后来追封她为太皇太后的时候，才与万历皇帝朱翊钧，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寝。朱翊钧的另一个皇后孝端与他没有孩子，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊钧也去世了，所以他们是同日葬入定陵的。
过了碑亭，我们所看到的两座高石台基就是定陵陵恩门和陵恩殿的遗址。这里原来也叫享殿，它是举行祭祀典礼的地方，当时面阔七间，清兵入关的时候曾经遭到破坏，到了乾隆年间，对这里进行了修复，但是后来又遭到了破坏。
在往前走，我们可以看到一个陈列室，这里陈列展出的都是定陵的出土文物，是在地宫挖掘之后兴建的。展室分为南北两个部分，南侧主要陈列地宫出土的万历皇帝的随葬品，北侧则是两位太后的随葬品，都非常精美，各位尽可以一饱眼福。
现在来到了明楼，它也是定陵陵墓的标志。明楼为石结构建筑，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始终没有遭到破坏。在明楼黄色琉璃瓦顶上，镶有一块高大的石榜，刻有定陵二字，在明楼内的碑额上篆有大名二字，而碑身上则刻有神宗显皇帝之陵七个大字。它与宝城相连。宝城是一道用城砖垒起的圆形大墙，墙上有垛口，城墙高7.5米，上厚下薄，周长800米，在它围绕的中间有一个人工堆成的大土丘，其实就是皇陵的坟头，叫做宝顶。
咱们现在正从左侧的通道走入地宫。定陵地宫的挖掘工作是从1956年5月开始的，在1958年结束。最开始，工作人员是发现了宝城西南侧墙上露出了一处券门，于是就正对着券门开了第一条探沟，到了底部发现了用城砖砌成的隧道。在三个月以后，沿着隧道的方向在明楼西面开了第二条探沟，在这条探沟的挖掘过程中，碰到了刻有“此时至今刚墙前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，从而得到了关于打开地宫的正确方向。工作人员沿着这个方向，又开了第三条探沟，最终找到了石隧道，并且发现了金刚墙，打开金刚墙，里边有一个方形的石券室，在西侧正中有两扇汉白玉的石门，从里边顶着“自来石”，而工作人员只用了铁丝和木板，不到五分钟，就将沉睡了337年的定陵地宫打开了。
地宫深度是27米，总面积达到了1195平方米，整个建筑的用料都是砖石，可以说是地下的无梁殿，礼制上是仿明堂的“九重法宫制”，分为前中后左右五个殿堂由七扇汉白玉门连接，最大的一扇高3.3米，宽1.7米，重达4吨，看上去很笨重，其实设计非常的合理。石门的重心偏向门轴，所以开关自如;门扇上横着设有防止倒塌的青铜扇管，重量大约是10吨;在门正面雕刻有乳状门钉和衔环铺首，背面与之相对应的地方有一个凸起的部分，关门以后，自来石就承托在这里。
在地宫前殿和左右两个配殿中没有任何的陈设。而现在到达的中殿高7.2米，宽6米，地面是金砖铺地，据记载，这种砖会越擦越亮的。殿中陈设有汉白玉石宝座，它的样式和皇帝生前宝座是一样的，在前边也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的宝座雕有凤头，而万历皇帝的宝座靠背和扶手都雕有龙头。原来宝座的陈列是呈品字形的，后来为了方便游人参观，才改变了陈设。在三个宝座之前，设有祭祀用具黄琉璃五供，包括一个香炉，两个烛台，和两个香瓶，和嘉靖年间的青花云龙大瓷缸，这个缸中原来是盛有香油，里边放有灯芯的，叫做长明灯，但是由于关门后地宫缺氧，所以这盏灯并没有长明。
在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宫中最大的一个殿，高大9.5米，长31米，宽9.1米，地面上铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座，中央有一个长型方孔，中间填的是黄土，也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，称为玉葬。之所以这样，是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳，交流生气，而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已，没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁，还有装随葬品的26个木箱。
随着参观定陵的活动结束，我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了，相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹，随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展，国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵，这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时，我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象，欢迎各位下次再来参观。
现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。
明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”，其实就是吉祥的土地，准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，开始他们选在了口外的屠家营，可是皇帝姓朱，与猪同音，犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下，可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”，这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”，有与“宴驾”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年，才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区，在周围有蟒山，虎峪，龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是东青龙，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，还有温榆河经过这里，真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后，就开始修建了长陵，经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝，也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡，这200多年间，明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，还有许多的妃子，太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来，在清兵入关以后，为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉，所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候，为了笼络汉人，就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后，对这里进行了大规模的开发，并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单，明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京，所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝，因为被朱棣夺取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候，他曾经被宦官王振怂恿，率军亲征，后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏，这个事件称为“土木之变”，一国不能无君，所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”，所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓，他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来，大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。
现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊，就是陵区的标志，是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼，高有14米，宽达到了28.86米，是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊，上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案，反映了皇家建筑的特点。
大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿，也叫大红门。门是南向的，分三洞，在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑，因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行，否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区，不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方，严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿，也就走进了贯穿陵园南北，能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道，明朝的神道，也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的，其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方，全长有7公里。
我们一边走着，就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑，里边有赑屃驮着巨碑，这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文，有3000多字，而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》，里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费，西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。
再往前走，就可以看到一座棂星门，也叫龙凤门，取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上，有三个火焰宝珠，所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的，来回顾一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宫门，现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭，石象生，过了龙凤门，还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北，全长共7公里的神道。
说到长陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子，当朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖难为名，从北平发兵攻下南京，并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位，改年号为永乐，这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战，并且在1420xx年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间，国库充实，政局稳定，而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书，派郑和七下西洋，发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后，也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性，她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷，中轴线由陵恩门，陵恩殿，明楼，宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院，第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门，可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭，但当时上面都没有文字，现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中，在1412，明永乐十四年建成，是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间，进深五间，是重檐庑殿顶的建筑，殿内有60根楠木柱，中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上，是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛，现在已经没有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像，大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙，而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部，这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。
咱们从殿后的门一出来，就到达了第三进院落，每座陵墓的标志——明楼就在这里。大家可以看到这里也有一个碑亭，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵，因为皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂红色。
由于长陵的地宫没有发掘，所以我们在长陵的游览就先告一段落。不过大家不用着急，接下来我们将要去的定陵，就可以让大家参观到古代皇帝的地下宫殿了。
定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗万历朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的为人和永乐皇帝朱棣可以说成为了鲜明的对比。他非常贪婪懒惰，在他九岁即位的时候，由于有大臣张居正的辅佐，国家发展的还算比较稳定，可是后来张居正病逝，他便利用这个机会为自己选择了陵地，花费了800万两白银，用了六年时间，建了工程质量最好的定陵，而他居然因为陵寝修建的非常满意，而在地宫当中举行了盛大的宴会，真实一位让人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不仅如此，在他在位的48年当中，竟然有20xx年不理朝政，导致国家处于瘫痪状态。后人评论，其实明朝灭亡的命运，在万历皇帝朱翊钧时就已经成为定局了。他有两位皇后，其实在开始的时候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是与他有了一个男孩，就是后来的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子贵，她就被封为贵妃。但是她比朱翊钧早死了九年，并没有葬在定陵里，直到后来追封她为太皇太后的时候，才与万历皇帝朱翊钧，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寝。朱翊钧的另一个皇后孝端与他没有孩子，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊钧也去世了，所以他们是同日葬入定陵的。
过了碑亭，我们所看到的两座高石台基就是定陵陵恩门和陵恩殿的遗址。这里原来也叫享殿，它是举行祭祀典礼的地方，当时面阔七间，清兵入关的时候曾经遭到破坏，到了乾隆年间，对这里进行了修复，但是后来又遭到了破坏。
在往前走，我们可以看到一个陈列室，这里陈列展出的都是定陵的出土文物，是在地宫挖掘之后兴建的。展室分为南北两个部分，南侧主要陈列地宫出土的万历皇帝的随葬品，北侧则是两位太后的随葬品，都非常精美，各位尽可以一饱眼福。
现在来到了明楼，它也是定陵陵墓的标志。明楼为石结构建筑，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始终没有遭到破坏。在明楼黄色琉璃瓦顶上，镶有一块高大的石榜，刻有定陵二字，在明楼内的碑额上篆有大名二字，而碑身上则刻有神宗显皇帝之陵七个大字。它与宝城相连。宝城是一道用城砖垒起的圆形大墙，墙上有垛口，城墙高7.5米，上厚下薄，周长800米，在它围绕的中间有一个人工堆成的大土丘，其实就是皇陵的坟头，叫做宝顶。
咱们现在正从左侧的通道走入地宫。定陵地宫的挖掘工作是从1956年5月开始的，在1958年结束。最开始，工作人员是发现了宝城西南侧墙上露出了一处券门，于是就正对着券门开了第一条探沟，到了底部发现了用城砖砌成的隧道。在三个月以后，沿着隧道的方向在明楼西面开了第二条探沟，在这条探沟的挖掘过程中，碰到了刻有“此时至今刚墙前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，从而得到了关于打开地宫的正确方向。工作人员沿着这个方向，又开了第三条探沟，最终找到了石隧道，并且发现了金刚墙，打开金刚墙，里边有一个方形的石券室，在西侧正中有两扇汉白玉的石门，从里边顶着“自来石”，而工作人员只用了铁丝和木板，不到五分钟，就将沉睡了337年的定陵地宫打开了。
地宫深度是27米，总面积达到了1195平方米，整个建筑的用料都是砖石，可以说是地下的无梁殿，礼制上是仿明堂的“九重法宫制”，分为前中后左右五个殿堂由七扇汉白玉门连接，最大的一扇高3.3米，宽1.7米，重达4吨，看上去很笨重，其实设计非常的合理。石门的重心偏向门轴，所以开关自如;门扇上横着设有防止倒塌的青铜扇管，重量大约是10吨;在门正面雕刻有乳状门钉和衔环铺首，背面与之相对应的地方有一个凸起的部分，关门以后，自来石就承托在这里。
在地宫前殿和左右两个配殿中没有任何的陈设。而现在到达的中殿高7.2米，宽6米，地面是金砖铺地，据记载，这种砖会越擦越亮的。殿中陈设有汉白玉石宝座，它的样式和皇帝生前宝座是一样的，在前边也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的宝座雕有凤头，而万历皇帝的宝座靠背和扶手都雕有龙头。原来宝座的陈列是呈品字形的，后来为了方便游人参观，才改变了陈设。在三个宝座之前，设有祭祀用具黄琉璃五供，包括一个香炉，两个烛台，和两个香瓶，和嘉靖年间的青花云龙大瓷缸，这个缸中原来是盛有香油，里边放有灯芯的，叫做长明灯，但是由于关门后地宫缺氧，所以这盏灯并没有长明。
在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宫中最大的一个殿，高大9.5米，长31米，宽9.1米，地面上铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座，中央有一个长型方孔，中间填的是黄土，也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，称为玉葬。之所以这样，是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳，交流生气，而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已，没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁，还有装随葬品的26个木箱。
随着参观定陵的活动结束，我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了，相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹，随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展，国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵，这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时，我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象，欢迎各位下次再来参观。
现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。
明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1407年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”，其实就是吉祥的土地，准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，开始他们选在了口外的屠家营，可是皇帝姓朱，与猪同音，犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下，可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”，这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”，有与“宴驾”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年，才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区，在周围有蟒山，虎峪，龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是东青龙，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，还有温榆河经过这里，真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后，就开始修建了长陵，经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝，也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡，这200多年间，明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，还有许多的妃子，太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来，在清兵入关以后，为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉，所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候，为了笼络汉人，就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后，对这里进行了大规模的开发，并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单，明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京，所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝，因为被朱棣夺取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候，他曾经被宦官王振怂恿，率军亲征，后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏，这个事件称为“土木之变”，一国不能无君，所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”，所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓，他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来，大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。
现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊，就是陵区的标志，是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼，高有14米，宽达到了28.86米，是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊，上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案，反映了皇家建筑的特点。
在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宫中最大的一个殿，高大9.5米，长31米，宽9.1米，地面上铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座，中央有一个长型方孔，中间填的是黄土，也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，称为玉葬。之所以这样，是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳，交流生气，而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已，没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁，还有装随葬品的26个木箱。
按照皇帝陵寝的规置，后殿只是安放皇帝棺椁用的，那为什么两个皇后的棺椁也出现在这里呢?这个现象在史料中是没有明确记载的，可是根据专家推测：在万历四十八年的时候，先是孝端皇后病逝，接着七月就是万历皇帝去世，而他的儿子朱常洛也在即位29天死于红丸案，在这短短百日之内，死了两位皇帝，一位皇后，还有孝靖皇后还要迁葬，这么巨大的任务都压在了刚刚即位的皇帝朱由校身上，所以准备工作十分的仓促。而且当时正好是雨季，安放皇后的配殿不方便打开，于是皇帝皇后的棺椁就都从正门进去了。可是到了地宫发现配殿的甬道太窄了，皇后的棺椁进不去，所以只好将它们一并放入了后殿当中。现在大家可以明白地宫中棺椁的摆设呈这样是怎样一回事儿了吧。那好，现在就请大家跟随我走出地宫。
随着参观定陵的活动结束，我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了，相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹，随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展，国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵，这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时，我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象，欢迎各位下次再来参观。
The Ming Tombs are located at the foot of Tianshou mountain in ChangpingDistrict of Beijing. There are 13 Ming emperors buried here, so they are calledMing Tombs. From the seventh year of Yongle (1409) to the early year of Shunzhiin Qing Dynasty, the construction of Changling was 200 years. The Ming Tombssystem is completed with a large scale, which is the most complete mausoleumgroup in the world with many emperors buried. In 20__, the Ming Tombs werelisted in the "Century Heritage List" by UNESCO, becoming a must visit place forChinese and foreign tourists to Beijing.
There are sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty. Why is there only the MingTombs? That's because there are three emperors in the Ming Dynasty who are notburied here. One is the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the second Emperor ZhuYunwen, and the other is the king Tai Emperor Zhu Qiyu. Zhu Di, the thirdemperor of the Ming Dynasty, was the first to build a mausoleum in Beijing.
In July of the fifth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1407), the empressXu of Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, died. Zhu Di ordered Zhao Dan,the Minister of rites, and Liao Junqing, a Jiangxi warlock, to build a mausoleumin Beijing. Finally, the area around louziying of kangjiazhuang in ChangpingDistrict today was selected as the site of the mausoleum and reported to theemperor. After Zhu Di personally inspected the site, he was very satisfied. Henamed the mountain "Tianshou mountain" and chose "auspicious day of the YellowRoad" to start the construction of the mausoleum.
From the seventh year of Yongle to the second year of Xuande (1409-1427),it took 18 years to complete the mausoleum. Empress Xu was buried first, andthen Zhu Di himself. Zhu Di named his mausoleum "Changling", which is the "firstmausoleum" of the Ming Tombs.
The follow-up decoration of Changling is not over. In the Jiajing period ofMing Dynasty, Zhu Houfu ordered to build the Shinto of Changling. Large stonearchways and stele towers on Shinto were built one after another. So it tookmore than 130 years for Changling to be built. The Shinto of the Changlingmausoleum was completed in turn with the mausoleums of the successive emperorsof the Ming Dynasty, and became the main Shinto of the Ming Tombs.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the GATT, it encountered great difficultiesin ruling the country, so the imperial court took many measures to ease thepeople's fierce resistance. For example, the postponement of shaving andchanging clothes, the restoration of imperial examination, the reuse of Hanofficials, and the management of Ming Dynasty mausoleum.
During the reign of Kangxi, every time Emperor Kangxi visited the south, hewould go to Nanjing's Xiaoling of Ming Dynasty to offer sacrifices to ZhuYuanzhang. He also went to the right side of the Shinto of Xiaoling of MingDynasty (the left side was the top in ancient times) to show his respect for ZhuYuanzhang, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Yongzheng,Emperor Yongzheng made a wish for his son to become his father, aiming to findthe direct descendants of the Ming emperor. When you find it, you'll be theofficial. During the reign of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong granted the descendantsof the Zhu royal family first-class yan'en marquis. In addition, the Qinggovernment set up a special envoy, namely eunuch guarding the mausoleum, to beresponsible for specific related matters. The tomb owners are responsible fortaking care of the cemetery buildings and the trees in the cemetery area.
During the period of the Republic of China, the last generation of yan'enMarquis was Zhu YuXun. Because of his laziness and self-discipline, thegovernment of the Republic of China removed him from all his duties related tothe custody of the mausoleum area, and from then on, yan'en Hou withdrew fromthe stage of history.
Now the Ming Tombs, under the protection and repair of the government, haverestored part of the landscape. The whole mausoleum is composed of thirteenmausoleums: Chang, Xian, Jing, Yu, Mao, Tai, Kang, Yong, Zhao, Ding, Qing, deand Si, which are arranged at the foot of Tianshou mountain. On the left isMangshan, which is a symbol of green dragon, and on the right is Huyu, which isa symbol of white tiger. In front of the mountain, there is a small stream,which forms a pool in the southeast. This is the famous Ming Tombs reservoir.There are also 23 queens, one imperial concubine, dozens of people who died inthe funeral palace, seven imperial concubine tombs and one eunuch tomb.
As tourist attractions, four of them are open to the outside world. Theyare Changling Shinto, Changling, Dingling and Zhaoling. I'm going to talk aboutChangling today.
The owner of Changling tomb is Zhu Di, the third emperor of Ming Dynastyand the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. He was born in1360 and died in 1424.
Zhu Di's life was full of ups and downs. At the age of 11, he was grantedthe title of king of Yan. At the age of 17, he married Xu Da's eldest daughter,the Xu family. At the age of 21, he took office in Beiping (that is, Beijing)and became the highest chief executive of Beiping region, integrating military,political and power. At the age of 40, he fought in the name of "Jingnan" andtook Nanjing for four years. He won the throne from his nephew Zhu Yunwen andbecame the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Di has been in power for 22 years. When he was in power, he wasdiligent in government affairs, concerned about the people and lived a simplelife.
The most outstanding achievements are as follows: first, he presided overthe compilation of Yongle canon; second, he sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean;third, he built four cultural relics and historic sites which are rated as"world cultural heritage" by modern people. (the Palace Museum, the temple ofheaven, the Ming Tombs, Wudang Mountain Taoist complex in Hubei Province).
Of course, Zhu Di's life has also been seen by today's less glorious deeds.For example, the establishment of the East Chamber secret service, the "Jingnancampaign" to usurp the throne, and the "Renwu martyrdom" to kill the courtiersin Zhu Yunwen's period left a bad impression of being violent and murderous.
Zhu Di is a "son of the horse". Because of martial arts, he gained fame;because of martial arts, he won the throne; because of martial arts, he expandedhis territory. But death, also died in the March. Zhu Di died in yumuchuan, nowin Duolun, Inner Mongolia, during his fifth personal expedition to Mobei. He was65 years old and buried in Changling.
Zhu Di is another brilliant emperor after the founding emperor ZhuYuanzhang of Ming Dynasty.
Changling, the mausoleum of Zhu Di, is located on the south side of themain peak of Tianshou mountain. It is the largest, longest built and most wellpreserved Mausoleum of the Ming Tombs. The layout features "front and backcircle". "Front" refers to a group of three entrance courtyards, and "backcircle" refers to Baoding, the tomb of Zhu Di.
In front of this three entrance courtyard, the first entrance to thecourtyard is the mausoleum gate, with a single eaves resting on the top of themountain. It is five rooms wide and three doors open in the middle. It is builton the platform. The first thing you can see in the courtyard is a stelePavilion. Other buildings were destroyed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.
The second gate to enter the courtyard is Juen gate. When you enter Juengate, you will see Juen hall.
The li'en Hall of Changling is covered with yellow glazed tiles, doubleeaves, veranda roof, 95 Bay, supported by 60 Phoebe pillars and covered with"gold bricks", covering an area of 1938 square meters. Such a large hall, butalso are the pillars of Phoebe, is rare in the domestic ancient architecture.Phoebe itself is very precious. The 32 gold pillars in the li'en Hall ofChangling are up to 12.58 meters in height and about 1 meter in diameter. Thefour in the middle are the thickest, with a diameter of 1.124 meters. They can'tclose each other. Moreover, the Ming Dynasty did not leave the standard for theofficial construction of ancient buildings. The JUEN Hall of Changling mausoleumhas become a rare object to study the official buildings in the early MingDynasty, but it is the only well preserved Juen hall in the Ming Tombs, which isvery worthy of tourists to visit.
After Li en hall, through the inner red gate, we came to the thirdcourtyard. First of all, you can see the Lingxing gate, and then you can see thestone confession case, on which there are stone five confessions. They are:incense burner in the middle, candlesticks on both sides, and incense bottles onboth sides. To the north of shiwugong is minglou.
Minglou is part of Houyuan, which refers to Zhu Di's mausoleum. It iscomposed of minglou, Fangcheng, Baocheng and Baoding (Baoshan). If you see sucha Ming tower in the Ming Tombs, it means that an emperor of the Ming Dynasty isburied behind it.
The Ming tower is built on the square city, with double eaves resting onthe top of the mountain. Inside the Ming tower is the "Shenghao stele". Thefirst part of the stele is engraved with "Daming" in seal characters, and thebody of the stele is engraved with "the mausoleum of emperor chengzuwen". Thepedestal under the body of the tablet is divided into four layers. The firstlayer is erlongxizhu, followed by Baiyun, mountains and sea water. "Shenghaostele" is equivalent to the tombstone in front of the mausoleum, indicating thatZhu Di was buried inside.
Behind minglou is Baocheng Baoding. Baoding, also known as Baoshan, isbuilt by hand rammed earth. Baoshan is surrounded by a ring of city walls, 7.3meters high, with crenels on it, and the circumference is 1 km. It is calledBaocheng. Below the mountain is the underground palace. But the undergroundpalace of Changling was not opened. The only underground palace opened in theMing Tombs was Dingling, the tomb of Zhu Yijun.
It turns out that in the early Ming Dynasty, there was a system ofsacrificial burial after the death of the emperor, which was called the systemof sacrificial burial. Originated in the primitive society, slaves were buriedwith a large number of slaves and livestock. After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang,the emperor of Ming Dynasty, this brutal system of human sacrifice was carriedout. When Zhu Yuanzhang died, 38 people were buried; Zhu Di buried 16 people;Zhu gaochi buried 5 people; Zhu Zhanji buried 10 people. The palace maids orconcubines who were buried with the emperor were granted the title of "Chaotianfemale household" by the emperor. It was not until Zhuqi Town, Yingzong of MingDynasty, that the system of martyrdom was abolished.
Yingzong Zhuqi town is fatuous and incompetent. After being a prisoner andlosing the throne, he was released by the enemy and returned to Beijing. Withthe help of eunuchs, he used stratagem to become emperor again. There are twoyears, one is orthodox and the other is Tianshun. He was definitely not a goodemperor in the history of Ming Dynasty, but he abolished the system of humansacrifice, which was a good thing in his lifetime.
However, it is not known where the maids were buried in the Ming Tombs, andit still needs to be researched by later generations.
OK, I'll introduce you to the Ming Tombs.
各位亲爱的朋友，我是旅行社导游小王，首先我代表旅行社欢迎大家!今天我们将要参观的景点是十三陵，它是著名的一个皇帝陵墓群，里面涉及到丰富的历史知识，所以请大家仔细聆听导游词介绍。
明十三陵是世界上埋葬皇帝最多、保存最完整的古代皇帝陵墓群，陵区内葬的是明朝的十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后及诸多嫔妃、太子和公主等。好了，说到这里可能大家有疑问了，明朝总共十六位皇帝呀，为什么是十三陵呢?请听导游词讲解。是这样的，明朝开国时定都南京，所以皇帝朱元璋葬在南京，而他的孙子朱允炆被朱棣夺去皇位之后，不知所踪，也无法建陵。还有后来的景泰皇帝，他与兄弟争夺皇位，最后被降级为王，失去了资格。所以今天的十三陵里面埋葬的只有十三位皇帝。大家了解了吗?
各位现在往这边看——这是十三陵的标志性建筑物石牌坊，至今已有四百多年历史了。现在往前看，这是十三陵的正门——大宫门，皇帝每次祭陵就要在大宫门前下马进入。
好了，我们面前的就是长陵了。长陵是朱棣和徐皇后的陵墓，也是最大、年代最久的陵墓。接着看到的是定陵，我们进定陵地宫看一看。这地宫总面积为1195平方米，分为前、中、后、左、右五个大殿。现在我们看到的就是地宫的精华部分了，这些全部都是皇帝生前的用品，珍贵奢侈，大家都叹为观止了吧!
说到长陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1409年，在1416年全部建成，是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子，当朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖难为名，从北平发兵攻下南京，并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位，改年号为永乐，这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战，并且在1420年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间，国库充实，政局稳定，而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书，派郑和七下西洋，发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后，也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性，她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷，中轴线由陵恩门，陵恩殿，明楼，宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院，第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门，可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭，但当时上面都没有文字，现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中，在1412，明永乐十四年建成，是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间，进深五间，是重檐庑殿顶的建筑，殿内有60根楠木柱，中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上，是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛，现在已经没有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像，大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙，而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部，这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。
接下来大家自由活动，下午5点前集合回去。有谁还想更仔细看看导游词的吗?好了，感谢大家，祝大家有愉快的一天!
各位旅客朋友们：
大家好!
现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。 明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”，其实就是吉祥的土地，准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，开始他们选在了口外的屠家营，可是皇帝姓朱，与猪同音，犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下，可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”，这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”，有与“宴驾”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年，才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区，在周围有蟒山，虎峪，龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是东青龙，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，还有温榆河经过这里，真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后，就开始修建了长陵，经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝，也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡，这200多年间，明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，还有许多的妃子，太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来，在清兵入关以后，为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉，所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候，为了笼络汉人，就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后，对这里进行了大规模的开发，并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单，明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京，所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝，因为被朱棣夺取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候，他曾经被宦官王振怂恿，率军亲征，后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏，这个事件称为“土木之变”，一国不能无君，所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”，所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓，他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来，大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。
The Ming Tombs are the tombs of the Ming emperors in China. They arelocated in Tianshou mountain at the foot of Yanshan Mountain in ChangpingDistrict, northwest suburb of Beijing. From May, 1409, the seventh year ofYongle, the Changling mausoleum was built here to the burial of Chongzhen, thelast emperor of Ming Dynasty, in Siling. During the 230 years, 13 emperormausoleums, seven concubines' tombs and one eunuch's tomb were builtsuccessively. Thirteen emperors, 23 queens, two princes, more than 30 concubinesand one eunuch were buried.
In Ming Dynasty, warlocks thought that it was a place of "Fengshui" and"auspicious soil". Therefore, it was selected as the "longevity area" for theconstruction of imperial mausoleum in Ming Dynasty. Gu Yanwu, a famous scholarin the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, once wrote a poem describingthe winning situation here: "the mountains come from the south, and the momentumis like a dragon flying; the East toe is located in Lulong, and the west ridgeis in Taihang; the rear Jiri sits in Huanghua (referring to Huanghua town), andthe front is facing Shenjing; in the middle is wannianzhai, which is calledkangjiazhuang; it can accommodate millions of people, and suddenly opensMingtang." This beautiful natural landscape was regarded as geomantic treasureland by feudal rulers.
The cemetery was built in 1409-1644, with a history of more than 300-500years. Covering an area of 40 square kilometers, the mausoleum is the largestmausoleum complex in China and even in the world, with the largest number ofmausoleums for emperors and empresses. In 20__, the Ming Tombs were listed inthe world heritage list. According to the evaluation of the World HeritageCommittee, the Royal mausoleums of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were carefullyselected according to the geomantic theory, and a large number of buildings wereskillfully placed underground. It is the product of human changing nature,embodies the traditional architectural and decorative ideas, and explains theworld outlook and power outlook of feudal China lasting for more than 5000years.
This article is from Zhimeng
The Ming Tombs are the general name of the royal tombs of the 13 emperorsafter the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. There are Changling(Chengzu), Xianling (Renzong), jingling (Xuanzong), Yuling (Yingzong), Maoling(Xianzong), tailing (Xiaozong), Kangling (Wuzong), Yongling (Shizong), Zhaoling(muzong), Dingling (Shenzong), Qingling (Guangzong), Deling (Xizong) and Siling(Sizong), so they are called the Ming Tombs. The Ming Tombs are the tombs ofthirteen Ming emperors.
The Ming Dynasty experienced sixteen emperors. Why is it called the MingTombs? Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built hiscapital in Nanjing and was buried in the sun of Zhongshan in Nanjing after hisdeath, which is called "Ming Xiaoling". The second Emperor Zhu Yunwen (emperorJianwen) sent troops to Nanjing in the name of "Jingnan" (relieving theemperor's distress) because of his uncle Zhu Di. Some people say that when amonk became a monk, his whereabouts are unknown (this is a pending case in MingDynasty History), so there is no mausoleum. Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor, wascaptured by Wala because of his brother emperor Yingzong, and became emperorunder the will of the Empress Dowager and ministers. Later Yingzong was putback. Under the planning of his confidants, he made a "change of seizing thedoor". Yingzong was restored and became emperor again. In the Ming Tombs (14pieces), Zhu Qiyu was killed. Yingzong refused to recognize him as the emperorand destroyed his mausoleum built in Tianshou mountain. As a "King", he wasburied in Yuquan mountain in the western suburb of Beijing.
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On the way to the Ming Tombs, you have to pass the West Pass of Changping.Naturally, you will see the bronze statue of Li Zicheng. It is said that thebronze statue was built in 1994 by famous sculptor Zhang Zhaoxu. It wasoriginally placed in xiaoyingkou, 10 kilometers away from Beijing's DeshengGate, where Li Zicheng marched into Beijing. Later, in order to build a highway,Li Zicheng's statue was moved to the west gate of Changping and placed at thegate of the Ming Tombs. Li Zicheng is a typical tragic figure. He rebelled for18 years and was in power for only 42 days. It will take one or two days toreally ascend the throne of the Dashun Dynasty. In his body, the most obviousembodiment of the cycle rate of "its prosperity is also vigorous, its death isalso sudden".
现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。
明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”，其实就是吉祥的土地，准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，开始他们选在了口外的屠家营，可是皇帝姓朱，与猪同音，犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下，可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”，这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”，有与“宴驾”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年，才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区，在周围有蟒山，虎峪，龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是东青龙，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，还有温榆河经过这里，真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后，就开始修建了长陵，经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝，也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡，这200多年间，明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，还有许多的妃子，太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来，在清兵入关以后，为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉，所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候，为了笼络汉人，就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后，对这里进行了大规模的开发，并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单，明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京，所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝，因为被朱棣夺取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候，他曾经被宦官王振怂恿，率军亲征，后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏，这个事件称为“土木之变”，一国不能无君，所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”，所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓，他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来，大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。
现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊，就是陵区的标志，是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼，高有14米，宽达到了28.86米，是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊，上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案，反映了皇家建筑的特点。
大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿，也叫大红门。门是南向的，分三洞，在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑，因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行，否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区，不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方，严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿，也就走进了贯穿陵园南北，能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道，明朝的神道，也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的，其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方，全长有7公里。
我们一边走着，就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑，里边有赑屃驮着巨碑，这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文，有3000多字，而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》，里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费，西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。
过了碑亭，我们继续沿着神道行走，会发现在神路两侧，都有很多石雕。其实这里一共有36座石雕，叫做石像生。紧挨着碑亭后边的是两根石望柱，接下来就是狮子、獬豸、骆驼、大象、麒麟、马，各有四匹，按照先卧后立的顺序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勋臣各有四人。修建这些，都是为了体现帝王生前的仪仗和死后的尊严。所以体积都非常大，雕刻的都非常精细。而且这些也都象征着皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同样得到尊崇。，各方神圣和文武百官还是要为我独尊。
再往前走，就可以看到一座棂星门，也叫龙凤门，取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上，有三个火焰宝珠，所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的，来回顾一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宫门，现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭，石象生，过了龙凤门，还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北，全长共7公里的神道。
说到长陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子，当朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖难为名，从北平发兵攻下南京，并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位，改年号为永乐，这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战，并且在1420xx年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间，国库充实，政局稳定，而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书，派郑和七下西洋，发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后，也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性，她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷，中轴线由陵恩门，陵恩殿，明楼，宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院，第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门，可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭，但当时上面都没有文字，现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中，在1412，明永乐十四年建成，是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间，进深五间，是重檐庑殿顶的建筑，殿内有60根楠木柱，中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上，是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛，现在已经没有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像，大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙，而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部，这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。
在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宫中最大的一个殿，高大9.5米，长31米，宽9.1米，地面上铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座，中央有一个长型方孔，中间填的是黄土，也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，称为玉葬。之所以这样，是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳，交流生气，而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已，没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁，还有装随葬品的26个木箱。
按照皇帝陵寝的规置，后殿只是安放皇帝棺椁用的，那为什么两个皇后的棺椁也出现在这里呢?这个现象在史料中是没有明确记载的，可是根据专家推测：在万历四十八年的时候，先是孝端皇后病逝，接着七月就是万历皇帝去世，而他的儿子朱常洛也在即位29天死于红丸案，在这短短百日之内，死了两位皇帝，一位皇后，还有孝靖皇后还要迁葬，这么巨大的任务都压在了刚刚即位的皇帝朱由校身上，所以准备工作十分的仓促。而且当时正好是雨季，安放皇后的配殿不方便打开，于是皇帝皇后的棺椁就都从正门进去了。可是到了地宫发现配殿的甬道太窄了，皇后的棺椁进不去，所以只好将它们一并放入了后殿当中。现在大家可以明白地宫中棺椁的摆设呈这样是怎样一回事儿了吧。那好，现在就请大家跟随我走出地宫。
随着参观定陵的活动结束，我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了，相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹，随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展，国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵，这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时，我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象，欢迎各位下次再来参观。
现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。
大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿，也叫大红门。门是南向的，分三洞，在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑，因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行，否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区，不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方，严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿，也就走进了贯穿陵园南北，能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道，明朝的神道，也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的，其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方，全长有7公里。
我们一边走着，就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑，里边有赑屃驮着巨碑，这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文，有3000多字，而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》，里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费，西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。
过了碑亭，我们继续沿着神道行走，会发现在神路两侧，都有很多石雕。其实这里一共有36座石雕，叫做石像生。紧挨着碑亭后边的是两根石望柱，接下来就是狮子、獬豸、骆驼、大象、麒麟、马，各有四匹，按照先卧后立的顺序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勋臣各有四人。修建这些，都是为了体现帝王生前的仪仗和死后的尊严。所以体积都非常大，雕刻的都非常精细。而且这些也都象征着皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同样得到尊崇。，各方神圣和文武百官还是要为我独尊。
再往前走，就可以看到一座棂星门，也叫龙凤门，取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上，有三个火焰宝珠，所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的，来回顾一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宫门，现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭，石象生，过了龙凤门，还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北，全长共7公里的神道。
各位亲爱的朋友，我是旅行社导游小王，首先我代表旅行社欢迎大家!今天我们将要参观的景点是十三陵，它是著名的一个皇帝陵墓群，里面涉及到丰富的历史知识，所以请大家仔细聆听导游词介绍。
明十三陵是世界上埋葬皇帝最多、保存最完整的古代皇帝陵墓群，陵区内葬的是明朝的十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后及诸多嫔妃、太子和公主等。好了，说到这里可能大家有疑问了，明朝总共十六位皇帝呀，为什么是十三陵呢?请听导游词讲解。是这样的，明朝开国时定都南京，所以皇帝朱元璋葬在南京，而他的孙子朱允炆被朱棣夺去皇位之后，不知所踪，也无法建陵。还有后来的景泰皇帝，他与兄弟争夺皇位，最后被降级为王，失去了资格。所以今天的十三陵里面埋葬的只有十三位皇帝。大家了解了吗?
各位现在往这边看——这是十三陵的标志性建筑物石牌坊，至今已有四百多年历史了。现在往前看，这是十三陵的正门——大宫门，皇帝每次祭陵就要在大宫门前下马进入。
好了，我们面前的就是长陵了。长陵是朱棣和徐皇后的陵墓，也是最大、年代最久的陵墓。接着看到的是定陵，我们进定陵地宫看一看。这地宫总面积为1195平方米，分为前、中、后、左、右五个大殿。现在我们看到的就是地宫的精华部分了，这些全部都是皇帝生前的用品，珍贵奢侈，大家都叹为观止了吧!
接下来大家自由活动，下午5点前集合回去。有谁还想更仔细看看导游词的吗?好了，感谢大家，祝大家有愉快的一天!
Dear friends, now I would like to introduce the Dingling mausoleum.Dingling mausoleum is the only mausoleum with underground palace opened amongthe Ming Tombs. It is the joint burial Mausoleum of the 13th emperor of MingDynasty Zhu Yijun and his two emperors Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. It is located infront of Dayu mountain of Tianshou mountain and was built in 1590 ad.
Zhu Yijun's year name is Wanli, which means to be emperor for 10000 years.Although it didn't come true, it also set a record for the Ming emperor, thatis, the emperor with the longest reign. Emperor Wanli succeeded to the throne atthe age of 10 and began to build his own mausoleum and underground palace at theage of 22. The whole project lasted six years and consumed more than 8 milliontaels of silver. During his 48 years in office, he almost ignored thegovernment, and was buried in the harem all day long. He was fond of drinkingand often killed people drunk. After his death, he was buried in Dingling.
Emperor Wanli had two empresses, empress Xiaoduan and empress Xiaojing.Empress Xiaojing was only a concubine when she died. According to theregulations of the Ming Dynasty, empress Xiaojing could not enter theunderground palace after her death, so she was buried in other places. After thecrown prince succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of EmpressDowager Xiaojing. After the death of empress Xiaoduan and Emperor Wanli, empressXiaojing was moved to the underground palace. So there is a emperor and twoempresses buried in the underground palace. The underground palace of Dinglingwas opened in 1957, and more than 3000 cultural relics were unearthed, whichcaused a sensation all over the world.
At present, Dingling has become a national key scenic spot, a 4A scenicspot, and tourists from all over the world come to visit it every day.
The whole cemetery was originally composed of lingmen, Lingen men, Lingenhall, minglou, Baocheng, Baoding and the left and right side halls in front ofminglou. After nearly 500 years of life, the original Lingen gate and Lingenhall have been destroyed, only the base is left. Because the Ming tower ofDingling is made of stone and is not afraid of fire, it is still well preserved.Now let's take a look at the site of Lingen gate and Lingen hall.
Ladies and gentlemen, we are now standing at the site of Lingen Hall ofDingling. Now we can see the column foundation of the hall. Lingen hall is amain hall for sacrifice. Originally, there were tablets for emperors and queensin the hall. The Lingen gate and the Lingen Hall of the Dingling mausoleum wereburned when the Qing soldiers entered the pass. Later, Emperor Qianlongrenovated the Ming Tombs in order to attract the Han people, but mostly reducedthe scale.
It is said that Qianlong used the method of stealing beams and replacingpillars to transport the original coarse timber of the Ming Tombs to the westernand Eastern tombs of the Qing Dynasty, and rebuilt the Ming Tombs with smalltimber. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the regulation. Up to now, there isstill a popular saying that "Qianlong, unjust, demolished the great tombs andchanged the small Ming Tombs".
The first exhibition room mainly displays the relics unearthed from theemperor's coffin, including posthumous treasures, posthumous volumes, goldencrowns, jade belts, gold and silver vessels, silk fabrics, etc. The secondexhibition room mainly displays the cultural relics unearthed from the coffinsof the two queens, including Phoenix crowns, headdresses, gemstones and otherdaily necessities used in life. Now you can visit it free of charge. Pleasedon't take photos or video in the exhibition room. Thank you for yourcooperation. We will gather in front of minglou in ten minutes.
各位朋友，过一会儿，我们将要参观十三陵景区。首先，我为大家介绍一下。明十三陵是世界上埋葬皇帝最多，保存最完整的古代皇帝陵墓群，陵区内葬有明朝的十三个皇帝，二十三个皇后及诸多嫔妃、太子及公主等。
明十三陵始建于公元1420xx年，位于北京北部的昌平区境内，距市中心50公里，整个陵区是个小盆地，以天寿山做为天然屏障，左右有龙山、虎山，守住门户，是理想的“风水宝地”，
在这个小盆地内，扇形分布着十三个帝王陵。那么是谁相中了这块风水宝地呢?明朝有十六个皇帝，那此处为何只有十三座陵呢?别着急，请听我细细道来。
明太祖朱元璋建立明朝，定都南京，死后葬在了南京的明孝陵。他临死传位给皇太孙朱允文，这使得当时被封为燕王的朱棣非常不满。为什么呢?因为他是朱元璋的四儿子，当时他的三个哥哥都以*，论资排辈，他才是理所应当的皇位继承人。于是为了争夺皇位，叔侄子俩打了起来。这就是历史上长达四年的“靖难之役”。最后，朱棣夺了皇位，而他的侄子朱允文却不知所终，既不知所终，当然无法建陵，于是明朝的前两位皇帝的陵一个在南京，一个未建皇陵。
朱棣做皇帝以后，改年号为永乐，希望天下太平，永远快乐，但人岂有不死之理?于是在他继位后不久，便一直筹划着两件大事：一是迁都北京;二是在北京周边地区为自己及子孙们找一块万年寿域。经过多次筛选，最后才相中了昌平北部的黄土山，后改为天寿山。永乐皇帝死后与他的徐皇后葬入了十三陵最早且最大的皇陵——明长陵。
到了明代第六位皇帝正统及第七个皇帝景泰的时候出了点乱子，由于正统皇帝御驾亲征被俘虏，他的弟弟被推上了台，做在了哥哥的位置上，成为新皇帝。并改年号为景泰。新皇帝改年号为景泰，希望从此好景常在，国泰民安，但是这年号未能应验，而是好景不长。正统皇帝被放回后，兄弟二人明争暗斗，后来正统皇帝复辟成功，重新登上了座宝。胜者为王，败者为寇，可想而知景泰皇帝的下场，先被降为王，连死后也未能葬在十三陵，而是以亲王礼制葬在了颐和园西侧的金山口。重新登上王位的正统皇帝改年号为天顺，前后做了20xx年皇帝，死后葬在了十三陵的裕陵，自此以后，直至亡国皇帝崇祯，死后都葬在了十三陵陵区内。现在各位都明白为什么明朝有16个皇帝区却只有13个陵了吧!今天十三陵景区已被列为国家重点风景名胜区，每天都有来自世界各地的朋友前来参观。
现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。
明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”，其实就是吉祥的土地，准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，开始他们选在了口外的屠家营，可是皇帝姓朱，与猪同音，犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下，可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”，这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”，有与“宴驾”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年，才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区，在周围有蟒山，虎峪，龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是东青龙，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，还有温榆河经过这里，真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后，就开始修建了长陵，经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝，也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡，这200多年间，明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，还有许多的妃子，太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来，在清兵入关以后，为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉，所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候，为了笼络汉人，就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后，对这里进行了大规模的开发，并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单，明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京，所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝，因为被朱棣夺取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候，他曾经被宦官王振怂恿，率军亲征，后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏，这个事件称为“土木之变”，一国不能无君，所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”，所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓，他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来，大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。
现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊，就是陵区的标志，是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼，高有14米，宽达到了28.86米，是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊，上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案，反映了皇家建筑的特点。
大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿，也叫大红门。门是南向的，分三洞，在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑，因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行，否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区，不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方，严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿，也就走进了贯穿陵园南北，能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道，明朝的神道，也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的，其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方，全长有7公里。
我们一边走着，就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑，里边有赑屃驮着巨碑，这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文，有3000多字，而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》，里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费，西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。
过了碑亭，我们继续沿着神道行走，会发现在神路两侧，都有很多石雕。其实这里一共有36座石雕，叫做石像生。紧挨着碑亭后边的是两根石望柱，接下来就是狮子、獬豸、骆驼、大象、麒麟、马，各有四匹，按照先卧后立的顺序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勋臣各有四人。修建这些，都是为了体现帝王生前的仪仗和死后的尊严。所以体积都非常大，雕刻的都非常精细。而且这些也都象征着皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同样得到尊崇。，各方神圣和文武百官还是要为我独尊。
再往前走，就可以看到一座棂星门，也叫龙凤门，取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上，有三个火焰宝珠，所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的，来回顾一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宫门，现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭，石象生，过了龙凤门，还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北，全长共7公里的神道。
说到长陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子，当朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖难为名，从北平发兵攻下南京，并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位，改年号为永乐，这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战，并且在1420xx年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间，国库充实，政局稳定，而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书，派郑和七下西洋，发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后，也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性，她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷，中轴线由陵恩门，陵恩殿，明楼，宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院，第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门，可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭，但当时上面都没有文字，现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中，在1412，明永乐十四年建成，是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间，进深五间，是重檐庑殿顶的建筑，殿内有60根楠木柱，中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上，是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛，现在已经没有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像，大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙，而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部，这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。
在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宫中最大的一个殿，高大9.5米，长31米，宽9.1米，地面上铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座，中央有一个长型方孔，中间填的是黄土，也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，称为玉葬。之所以这样，是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳，交流生气，而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已，没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁，还有装随葬品的26个木箱。
按照皇帝陵寝的规置，后殿只是安放皇帝棺椁用的，那为什么两个皇后的棺椁也出现在这里呢?这个现象在史料中是没有明确记载的，可是根据专家推测：在万历四十八年的时候，先是孝端皇后病逝，接着七月就是万历皇帝去世，而他的儿子朱常洛也在即位29天死于红丸案，在这短短百日之内，死了两位皇帝，一位皇后，还有孝靖皇后还要迁葬，这么巨大的任务都压在了刚刚即位的皇帝朱由校身上，所以准备工作十分的仓促。而且当时正好是雨季，安放皇后的配殿不方便打开，于是皇帝皇后的棺椁就都从正门进去了。可是到了地宫发现配殿的甬道太窄了，皇后的棺椁进不去，所以只好将它们一并放入了后殿当中。现在大家可以明白地宫中棺椁的摆设呈这样是怎样一回事儿了吧。那好，现在就请大家跟随我走出地宫。
随着参观定陵的活动结束，我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了，相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹，随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展，国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵，这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时，我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象，欢迎各位下次再来参观。
Dear friends
Hello everyone! With the start of the car, today's tourism activities willofficially start. I'm very glad to have the opportunity to accompany you tovisit the Ming Tombs.
The world famous Ming Tombs are located at the foot of Yanshan Mountain inChangping District of Beijing. In the surrounding area of 40 square kilometers,there are 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines, princesses, princesses andother maids buried in the Ming Dynasty. At this point, some friends who arefamiliar with Chinese history may have a question in their heart: there were 16emperors in the Ming Dynasty, why only 13 of them were buried here? To answerthis question, we need to recall the history of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built the capitalin today's Nanjing and was buried in the "Ming Xiaoling" in Zhongshan, Nanjingafter his death. Because Prince Zhu Biao died early, he passed the throne to hiseldest grandson Zhu Yunwen. Yongle Emperor Zhu Di won the throne from his nephewZhu Yunwen. Zhu Di sent troops to the south in the name of removing treacherousofficials. Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunwen's whereabouts are unknown in thiscatastrophe. Some people say that the palace was burned to death at that time.Others say that they became monks. This is still a mystery in the history of theMing Dynasty, so there is no mausoleum. Zhu Qiyu, the seventh emperor of theMing Dynasty, became the emperor because his elder brother Yingzong Zhu Qizhenwas a prisoner in the "civil fortress change" and the palace could not bewithout a master for a day.
Later, Yingzong was released. Under the planning of his confidants,Yingzong carried out a "change of seizing the door", and became emperor again.After Zhu Qiyu died, Yingzong refused to recognize him as an emperor, destroyedthe mausoleum built by Zhu Qiyu in the Ming Tombs area, and buried him as a"Prince" in jinshankou, western suburb of Beijing. In this way, of the 16 Mingemperors, two were buried elsewhere, one was missing, and the other 13 wereburied here, so they are collectively referred to as "Ming Tombs". The MingTombs is a group of mausoleum buildings with the most complete preservation andburial of emperors in the world.
The Ming Tombs are built in a beautiful mountain area, about 50 kilometersaway from the capital, covering an area of about 40 square kilometers. The siteof the Ming Tombs was selected and built according to the principle of geomanticomen, because people in ancient China paid great attention to geomantic omenwhen they were building houses or mausoleums. The emperor is more pretentious,not only to live a luxurious life, but also want to continue to enjoy afterdeath, so the choice of mausoleum is very important.
When choosing the mausoleum site, it is necessary to choose a good placewith mountains and water, good natural environment and "gas accumulation wind".And the Ming Tombs is such a good place: the whole mausoleum area is surroundedby mountains in the East, West and North, and there are Dragon Mountain andTiger Mountain in the south, forming a natural gateway, which is in line withthe saying of "left Green Dragon and right white tiger" in geomantic omen. It islike a huge courtyard in the middle. The Wenyu River in the mausoleum areameanders from northwest to Southeast, forming the holding water in the mausoleumarea. In the whole mausoleum area, Changling is the key, the line betweenDagongmen and Changling is the central axis, and Tianshou mountain is theZhenshan in the north. It is an ideal mausoleum with mountains on its back,water on its surface and wind gathering in gas reservoirs.
The reason why Emperor Yongle chose the present Tianshou mountain was alsoafter many twists and turns. After the battle of Jingnan, Zhu Di became emperorin Nanjing. At that time, he decided to move his capital to Beijing in order toconsolidate his political power. In 1407, the fifth year of Yongle, Zhu Di'sempress Xu died. At that time, in order to express his determination to move thecapital to Beijing, Zhu Di sent the Minister of rites and geomantic warlock LiaoJunqing to Beijing to choose "auspicious soil". It is said that several placeshave been selected.
The first choice is tujiaying, but because the emperor's surname is Zhu,which is the same as "pig", and "Tu" means slaughtering, pigs will definitelydie when they enter the slaughterhouse, so it's not appropriate to committaboos. Another place is at the foot of the Yangshan mountain in the southwestof Changping. Pigs and sheep instinctively live in harmony, but there is avillage behind the mountain called "langeryu". It's more dangerous to havewolves beside pigs, and it can't be used. Later, he chose Yanjiatai in the westof Beijing, but "Yanjia" and "Yanjia" are homophonic, which is also unlucky.
Because the death of the ancient emperor, in addition to called "death",also called "Yan Jia". Although the landscape of Tanzhe Temple is good, it isdeep and narrow in the mountains, which is not conducive to the development offuture generations. Later came to today's Tianshou mountain. Tianshou mountainwas called Huangtu mountain at that time. After Emperor Yongle personallyinspected it, he felt very satisfied. At that time, he made an order todesignate Huangtu mountain as his "good soil for ten thousand years". This yearis also the year of his 50th birthday, so he named Huangtu mountain "Tianshoumountain". From the construction of Changling mausoleum in 1409, the seventhyear of Yongle, until Chongzhen, the last emperor of Ming Dynasty, was buried inSiling mausoleum, the construction of Ming Tombs lasted for more than 230years.
The Ming Tombs have a history of more than 300-500 years since it wasbuilt, and the buildings on the ground have been seriously damaged many times,the most serious of which was during the Qing army's entry period. So why didthe Qing army destroy the Ming Tombs on a large scale? Because at the end of theMing Dynasty, Nurhachi, the emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, rose in thenortheast, which directly threatened the security of the Ming Dynasty.
As a result, some people say that the prosperity of the Qing soldiers isrelated to the geomantic omen of their ancestral graves. If their ancestralgraves are destroyed, the Qing soldiers can be eliminated. The ancestors ofManchu are Jin people, and the ancestral Tomb of Jin Dynasty is in Fangshan,Beijing. Zhu Youxiao, the Ming Dynasty's Apocalypse emperor, believed it. Asexpected, he sent people to Fangshan to destroy Jinling and built a Guanditemple in that town. Of course, this method could not suppress the Qing army. Asa result, after the Qing army entered the pass, they took the same means ofrevenge and destroyed the Ming Tombs. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong ofthe Qing Dynasty, in order to win over the Han people, Emperor Qianlong onceordered the Ming mausoleum to be repaired. However, in the period of theRepublic of China [around 1914], local tyrants and evil gentry destroyed theMing Tombs on a large scale in order to fight for property rights. It was notuntil after the founding of new China that we were able to see the true face ofLushan Mountain today after constant renovation and landscaping. Now the MingTombs have become a famous tourist attraction in China.
Dear friends, the above is the general situation of the Ming Tombs. Thepurpose is to give you a preliminary understanding of the Ming Tombs. I willintroduce the situation of the scenic spot to you in detail after arriving atthe scenic spot.
Now you have come to Changping District, the outer suburb of Beijing. Whatyou are about to enter is the Ming Tombs scenic area. During this time, I willexplain the historical background and explanation of the Ming Tombs.
Zhu Di, the emperor of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, sent some geomantic warlocksto Beijing in 1407 to choose "auspicious soil", which is actually auspiciousland to build a mausoleum. At that time, these people looked for many places,but they were not successful. At first, they chose tujiaying, which was not intheir mouth. However, the emperor's surname was Zhu, who had the samepronunciation as pig, and made a taboo. Then I chose Yangshan mountain in thesouthwest of Changping, but there is a village called "langkouyu" behind it.Isn't that more dangerous? Later I chose Yanjiatai in the west of Beijing, whichhas the same pronunciation as "Yanjia", which is very unlucky. Finally, it wasnot until the seventh year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty that the present Tianshoumausoleum area was selected. There are Mangshan, Huyu, Longshan and Tianshoumountains around it. This is exactly the location of the four gods in the YinYang and five elements, that is, the East Green Dragon, the west white tiger,the South rosefinch, the North Xuanwu, and the Wenyu River. It is really ageomantic treasure land. From this we can see how much energy it took for theemperor to build a mausoleum for himself.
After that, the construction of Changling began, and it was finallycompleted after four years. The emperors of Ming dynasty built mausoleums hereone after another. Moreover, from the construction of Changling in 1409 to theend of Ming Dynasty in 1644, the construction of Ming Tombs never stopped. Inthis area of 40 square kilometers, 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines andprinces of the Ming Dynasty were buried. However, it did not survive completely.After the Qing soldiers entered the pass, in order to revenge the Jin people,they destroyed the ancestral Tomb of the Qing Taizu, so they burned it here.
Later, in the 50th year of Qianlong, in order to win over the Han people,they ordered to repair the mausoleum area. After the founding of the people'sRepublic of China, large-scale development was carried out here, and theChangling, Dingling and Zhaoling tombs were opened, among which the undergroundpalace of Dingling has been excavated. Now it has become a key scenic spot inChina, and is the most well preserved tomb group with the largest number ofemperors buried in the world.
Now you may be thinking: isn't there sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty?Why are there only thirteen emperors' mausoleums here? In fact, the reason isvery simple. Because Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built hiscapital in Nanjing, his mausoleum is in Nanjing, that is, Ming Xiaoling; Jianwenemperor, the second emperor of Ming Dynasty, was seized the throne by Zhu Di,and his remains are unknown, so there is no mausoleum here; At the time ofYingzong, the seventh emperor of Ming Dynasty, he was once encouraged by WangZhen, a eunuch, to lead the army to fight personally. Later, he was captured bythe Wasi army at Tu Tu fort in Huailai, Hebei Province. This event is called"the change of Tu". A country can't be without a monarch, so his brother wascanonized as emperor Jingtai. Later, Yingzong's "change of seizing the throne"was staged, so there was no Jingtai in the Ming Tombs Emperor's mausoleum, hewas buried in the western suburbs of jinshankou as a prince. In this way,everyone must understand why it is called the Ming Tombs.
Now you can see this stone archway along the way, which is the symbol ofthe mausoleum area. It was made during the Jiajing period. The archway is 5rooms, 6 columns and 11 floors. It is 14 meters high and 28.86 meters wide. Itis the largest and most exquisite stone archway preserved in China. The patternsand decorations on it are also cloud dragon patterns, reflecting thecharacteristics of royal architecture.
Dagongmen is the main gate of the mausoleum area, also known as dahongmen.The gate is southward and has three holes. Inside the gate is the mausoleumarea. On both sides of the gate are inscriptions of "officials waiting todismount here", because at that time, it was stipulated that these people had towalk into the mausoleum area, otherwise they would be punished. Moreover, thisis also a forbidden area. It's not a place where ordinary people can enter atwill. The serious problem is that they have to be beheaded. When you enter thisgate, you will enter the Shinto that runs through the north and south of themausoleum and directly leads to the gate of Changling mausoleum. The Shinto ofthe Ming Dynasty is also the longest in the imperial mausoleum built in China.In fact, its main function is to let the emperor's soul pass through, with atotal length of 7 kilometers.
As we walk, we can see a stele Pavilion in front of us. This pavilion is abuilding with double eaves on the top of Xieshan mountain. Inside it is a hugetablet carrying a heavy burden. This is the tablet of praising virtue, a divineskill of Changling. It was officially established in 1435. On the front is thetablet of praising virtue written by Zhu gaochi, the eldest son of EmperorYongle, with more than 3000 words. On the back is the thirty rhymes of AI Mingmausoleum written in the 50th year of Qianlong, which records the damage of themausoleum in detail. On the east side of the monument is the cost of the Qinggovernment to repair the mausoleum, and on the west side is the reason for thecollapse of the Ming Dynasty in the ninth year of Jiaqing.
After the stele Pavilion, we continue to walk along the Shinto road. Wewill find that there are many stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto road.In fact, there are 36 stone carvings here, which are called stone carvings. Nextto the pavilion is two stone columns. Next, lions, elephants, camels, elephants,Kirin and horses. Each has four _, arranged in a sequence of lying down andstanding. Then there were four military officials, four civil officials and fourmeritorious officials. These buildings were built to reflect the emperor's honorguard before his death and his dignity after his death. So the volume is verylarge and the carving is very fine. And these also symbolize that the emperorcan be respected in his life, and also in his death. All the sacred, civil andmilitary officials should be respected for me.
Further on, you can see a Lingxing gate, also known as Longfeng gate, whichmeans Tianmen. In the middle of the three doors and six pillars, there are threeflame pearls, so it is also called flame archway.
In fact, we have been marching along the Shinto all the time. Let's review,first the stone archway, then the grand palace gate. Now we are going to enterChangling. Stele Pavilion, stone elephant life, after the dragon and Phoenixgate, there is still a long way to reach the Changling mausoleum gate. In fact,the central axis of the whole mausoleum group is the Shinto, which runs throughthe north and south of the mausoleum, with a total length of 7 kilometers.
As for the Changling mausoleum, it is the first mausoleum among the MingTombs. It was built in 1409 and completed in 1416. It is the joint Tomb ofEmperor Zhu Di and empress Xu of Yongle, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Diwas the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. When ZhuYuanzhang died, Zhu Di sent troops from Beiping to capture Nanjing in the nameof Jingnan, and won the throne from Zhu Yunwen, the emperor at that time, andchanged his name to Yongle. This event was called the battle of Jingnan inhistory.
Zhu Di was a great emperor. After he became emperor, he still fought foryears in order to consolidate the rule of Ming Dynasty, and made a majordecision to move the capital to Beijing in 1420. During the Ming Dynasty underhis rule, the National Treasury was abundant and the political situation wasstable. He also ordered people to write Yongle Dadian, the largest book inChinese history. He sent Zheng He to the West seven times and developed friendlyrelations among countries. His wife, empress Xu Da, the daughter of Xu Da, thefounder of the Ming Dynasty, is also a woman with Chinese classical beauty. Sheonce wrote "neixun" and "Quanshan" to cultivate people's minds. She died afterfive years of illness. It is worth mentioning that the first person buried inChangling was not Zhu Di, but empress Xu. Changling covers an area of 10hectares. Its central axis consists of Lingen gate, Lingen hall, minglou,Baocheng and Baoding. There are three entrances to the mausoleum. The firstentrance is from the gate of the mausoleum to the gate of the mausoleum. You cansee a small stele Pavilion on both sides of the mausoleum. However, there wereno words on it at that time. Now the words are written by Emperor Shunzhi of theQing Dynasty.
Lingen hall is located in the second courtyard of the mausoleum. It wasbuilt in 1412 in the 14th year of Yongle of Ming Dynasty. It is the place wherememorial tablets and sacrificial activities are held. It is nine rooms wide andfive rooms deep. It is a building with double eaves and veranda. There are 60nanmu pillars in the hall, and the diameter of the four pillars in the middle ismore than one meter. It is the best nanmu hall in China. There was originally alarge Buddhist niche in Lingen hall, but now it is no longer there. Instead,there is a sitting statue of Emperor Yongle made by later generations. You cantake a look around the back of the statue. You can see that there is a dragoncarved on the back of the chair, and the dragon head is facing the head ofEmperor Wanli, which indicates that the emperor is the real dragon emperor. Allaround are exhibitions of unearthed cultural relics.
Behind the middle hall is the back hall. It is the largest hall in theunderground palace. It is 9.5 meters tall, 31 meters long and 9.1 meters wide.The ground is paved with polished mottled stones. In the back hall, there is acoffin bed with white stone edge. There is a long square hole in the center, andthe middle is filled with loess, which is the first shovel of loess whenchoosing the tomb. It is called Jinjing, which is the basic point of thearchitectural pattern of the whole mausoleum. Jade burial refers to placing jadearound and inside the coffin or in the mouth of the dead. The reason for this isthat the ancients believed that Jinjing could communicate with Yin and Yang andexchange life, while jade burial could keep the corpse from rotting. Jinjingjade burial was the highest level funeral in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Of course,these are the ideals of the ancients, without any scientific basis. On thecoffin bed are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and two empresses, as well as 26wooden boxes for funerary objects.
According to the rules of the emperor's mausoleum, the back hall is onlyused to place the emperor's coffins. Why do the two empresses' coffins alsoappear here? This phenomenon is not clearly recorded in the historicalmaterials, but according to experts' speculation: in the 48th year of Wanli,first empress Xiaoduan died, then Emperor Wanli died in July, and his son ZhuChangluo died 29 days after he ascended the throne In the case of Hongwan, twoemperors, a queen and empress Xiaojing were killed in this short hundred days,and they had to be moved and buried. Such a huge task was put on the Emperor ZhuYouxiao who had just ascended the throne, so the preparations were veryhasty.
Moreover, it was the rainy season at that time, so it was not convenient toopen the Queen's side hall, so the coffins of the emperor and queen enteredthrough the main door. But when I got to the underground palace, I found thatthe corridor of the side hall was too narrow for the Queen's coffin to enter, soI had to put them into the back hall. Now you can understand what the decorationof the coffin in the underground palace is like. Well, now please follow me outof the underground palace.
With the end of the visit to the Ming Tombs, our trip to the Ming Tombs iscoming to an end. I believe everyone will sigh for this huge imperial mausoleumgroup. With the continuous development of cultural relics protection in China,the state has invested a lot of money to repair the Ming Tombs, and this grandImperial Mausoleum will be preserved forever. At the same time, I also hope youcan leave a good impression on this place. You are welcome to visit again nexttime.